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A typical timber shear wall consists of braced panels in the wall line, constructed using structural plywood sheathing, specific nailing at the edges, and supporting framing. A shear wall is an element of a structurally engineered system that is designed to resist in-plane lateral forces, typically wind and seismic loads.
Tunnel Construction. Tunnels are dug in types of materials varying from soft clay to hard rock. The method of tunnel construction depends on such factors as the ground conditions, the ground water conditions, the length and diameter of the tunnel drive, the depth of the tunnel, the logistics of supporting the tunnel excavation, the final use and shape of the tunnel and appropriate risk management.
The new Austrian tunneling method (NATM), also known as the sequential excavation method (SEM) or sprayed concrete lining method [1] (SCL), is a method of modern tunnel design and construction employing sophisticated monitoring to optimize various wall reinforcement techniques based on the type of rock encountered as tunneling progresses.
The first residential building of slipform construction; erected in 1950 in Västertorp, Sweden, by AB Bygging Later picture of the residential building in Västertorp. Slip forming, continuous poured, continuously formed, or slipform construction is a construction method in which concrete is placed into a form that may be in continuous motion horizontally, or incrementally raised vertically.
Slurry wall construction was used in 1967–1968 to construct the "bathtub" that surrounded the foundations of most of the World Trade Center site in New York City. [4] In the 1980s, the Red Line Northwest Extension project in Boston was one of the first projects in the US to use the modern form of the technology, with hydromill trench cutters ...
Soil nailing evolved from the New Austrian tunnelling method, which is a system for underground excavations in rock.This method consists of passive steel reinforcement in the rock followed by the application of reinforced shotcrete.
Drilling of the tunnel face anchors, Val di Sambro Tunnel, Italy. The Analysis of Controlled Deformation in Rocks and Soils, translated from Italian Analisi delle Deformazioni Controllate nelle Rocce e nei Suoli (ADECO-RS), also known as The New Italian Tunneling Method (NITM), [1] is a modern tunnel design and construction approach.
This construction technique was invented by Carl Akeley and first used in 1907. [ 1 ] : 7 The concrete is typically reinforced by conventional steel rods, steel mesh, or fibers. The concrete or mortar is formulated to be sticky and resist flowing when at rest to allow use on walls and ceilings, but exhibit sufficient shear thinning to be easily ...