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  2. Ferrous metallurgy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy

    Ferrous metallurgy is the metallurgy of iron and its alloys. The earliest surviving prehistoric iron artifacts, from the 4th millennium BC in Egypt , [ 1 ] were made from meteoritic iron-nickel . [ 2 ]

  3. Metalworking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalworking

    The historical roots of metalworking predate recorded history; its use spans cultures, civilizations and millennia. It has evolved from shaping soft, native metals like gold with simple hand tools, through the smelting of ores and hot forging of harder metals like iron , up to and including highly technical modern processes such as machining ...

  4. History of the steel industry (1850–1970) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_steel...

    Steel is an alloy composed of between 0.2 and 2.0 percent carbon, with the balance being iron. From prehistory through the creation of the blast furnace, iron was produced from iron ore as wrought iron, 99.82–100 percent Fe, and the process of making steel involved adding carbon to iron, usually in a serendipitous manner, in the forge, or via the cementation process.

  5. Metallurgy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy

    Metallurgy derives from the Ancient Greek μεταλλουργός, metallourgós, "worker in metal", from μέταλλον, métallon, "mine, metal" + ἔργον, érgon, "work" The word was originally an alchemist's term for the extraction of metals from minerals, the ending -urgy signifying a process, especially manufacturing: it was discussed in this sense in the 1797 Encyclopædia ...

  6. History of the iron and steel industry in the United States

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_iron_and...

    Hogan, William T. Economic History of the Iron and Steel Industry in the United States (5 vol 1971) monumental detail; Ingham, John N. The Iron Barons: A Social Analysis of an American Urban Elite, 1874-1965 (1978) Krass, Peter. Carnegie (2002). ISBN 0-471-38630-8. Livesay, Harold C. Andrew Carnegie and the Rise of Big Business, 2nd Edition (1999).

  7. Archaeometallurgy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeometallurgy

    The specific study of the non-ferrous metals used in past. Gold, silver and copper were the first to be used by ancient humans. Gold and copper are both found in their 'native' state in nature, and were thus the first to be exploited as they did not need to be smelted from their ores. They could be hammered into sheets or decorative shapes.

  8. Wrought iron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_iron

    Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a very low carbon content (less than 0.05%) in contrast to that of cast iron (2.1% to 4.5%). It is a semi-fused mass of iron with fibrous slag inclusions (up to 2% by weight), which give it a wood-like "grain" that is visible when it is etched, rusted, or bent to failure.

  9. Iron metallurgy in Africa - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa

    Iron metallurgy in Africa concerns the origin and development of ferrous metallurgy on the African continent.Whereas the development of iron metallurgy in North Africa and the Horn closely mirrors that of the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean region, the three-age system is ill-suited to Sub-Saharan Africa, where copper metallurgy generally does not precede iron working. [1]