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For the rock art of the Sahara, the most contentious among academic debates has remained the topic of chronology. [2] Round Head, Kel Essuf, and Bubaline rock art, as the oldest chronological types, have been regarded as less certain compared to the younger chronological types (e.g., rock art depicting Saharan animals, which could be chronologically approximated to a specific timespan). [2]
Prehistoric West Africans may have diverged into distinct ancestral groups of modern West Africans and Bantu-speaking peoples in Cameroon, and, subsequently, around 5000 BP, the Bantu-speaking peoples migrated into other parts of Sub-Saharan Africa (e.g., Central African Republic, African Great Lakes, South Africa).
Saharan rock art is a significant area of archaeological study focusing on artwork carved or painted on the natural rocks of the central Sahara desert. The rock art dates from numerous periods starting c. 12,000 years ago, and is significant because it shows the culture of ancient African societies.
Metalworking in West Africa has been dated as early as 2,500 BC at Egaro west of the Termit in Niger, and iron working was practiced there by 1,500 BC. [77] Iron smelting has been dated to 2,000 BC in southeast Nigeria. [78] Central Africa provides possible evidence of iron working as early as the 3rd millennium BC. [79]
Map of Central Africa: Dark Green: Central Africa (Geographic) Medium Green: Middle Africa (UN Subregion) Light Green/Gray: Central African Federation (Political: Defunct) The history of Central Africa has been divided into its prehistory, its ancient history, the major polities flourishing, the colonial period, and the post-colonial period, in which the current nations were formed.
Bubalus, [1] Bubaline, [2] or Large Wild Fauna [3] rock art is the earliest form of Central Saharan rock art, [1] created in an engraved style, which have been dated between 12,000 BCE and 8000 BCE. [4] The Bubaline Period is followed by the Kel Essuf Period. [5]
Kel Essuf rock art is the earliest form of engraved anthropomorphic Central Saharan rock art, [1] which was produced prior to 9800 BP, [2] at least as early as 12,000 BP amid the late period of the Pleistocene. [3] The Kel Essuf Period is preceded by the Bubaline Period and followed by the Round Head Period. [2]
Central Africa has also had high outbreaks of deadly diseases such as AIDS and Ebola fever, and has also experienced numerous “coups d’etat, prolonged civil wars, and even genocide.” [1] The first archaeological research was completed in the early 1900s. Modern studies began in the 1960s, and more systematic studies were completed from ...