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Physiologic amenorrhea is present before menarche, during pregnancy and breastfeeding, and after menopause. [3] Breastfeeding or lactational amenorrhea is also a common cause of secondary amenorrhoea. [26] Lactational amenorrhea is due to the presence of elevated prolactin and low levels of LH, which suppress ovarian hormone secretion. [27]
The continuing of breastfeeding, while introducing solids after 6 months, to 12 months were shown to have an efficiency rate of 92.6 – 96.3 percent in pregnancy prevention. [13] Because of this some women find that breastfeeding interferes with fertility even after ovulation has resumed. The Seven Standards: Phase 1 of Ecological Breastfeeding
[13] [14] Once ultrasound or histological evidence shows that a pregnancy has existed, the term used is clinical miscarriage, which can be "early" (before 12 weeks) or "late" (between 12 and 21 weeks). [13] Spontaneous fetal termination after 20 weeks of gestation is known as a stillbirth. [15]
Hemorrhoids are common in pregnancy as a result of constipation and increased intra-abdominal pressure. Hemorrhoids can cause bleeding, pain, and itching. [31] Treatment is symptomatic, including improving underlying constipation. Symptoms may resolve spontaneously after pregnancy, although hemorrhoids may remain in the days after childbirth. [32]
A postpartum disorder or puerperal disorder is a disease or condition which presents primarily during the days and weeks after childbirth called the postpartum period.The postpartum period can be divided into three distinct stages: the initial or acute phase, 6–12 hours after childbirth; subacute postpartum period, which lasts two to six weeks, and the delayed postpartum period, which can ...
In the U.S., we’re delaying pregnancy even longer (the average age for a first-time mom has increased from 25.6 years old in 2011 to 27.3 years old in 2021), and the number of women giving birth ...
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Pre-conception counseling is care that is provided to a woman or couple to discuss conception, pregnancy, current health issues and recommendations for the period before pregnancy. [ 87 ] Prenatal medical care is the medical and nursing care recommended for women during pregnancy, time intervals and exact goals of each visit differ by country ...