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HDLC framing is a well-known example, used particularly in PPP (see RFC 1662 § 4.2). Although HDLC framing has an overhead of <1% in the average case, it suffers from a very poor worst-case overhead of 100%; for inputs that consist entirely of bytes that require escaping, HDLC byte stuffing will double the size of the input.
MPEG Program Stream (MPEG-1 Part 1 (essentially identical) and MPEG-2 Part 1) 00 00 01 B3 ␀␀␁³: 0 mpg mpeg MPEG-1 video and MPEG-2 video (MPEG-1 Part 2 and MPEG-2 Part 2) 66 74 79 70 69 73 6F 6D: ftypisom: 4 mp4 ISO Base Media file (MPEG-4) 66 74 79 70 4D 53 4E 56: ftypMSNV: 4 mp4 MPEG-4 video file 78 01: x␁ 0 zlib No Compression (no ...
(1 byte) True: \x08\x01 False: \x08\x00 (2 bytes) int32: 32-bit little-endian 2's complement or int64: 64-bit little-endian 2's complement: Double: little-endian binary64: UTF-8-encoded, preceded by int32-encoded string length in bytes BSON embedded document with numeric keys BSON embedded document Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR ...
More critically, with only a 1-byte buffer there is a genuine risk that a received byte will be overwritten if interrupt service delays occur. To overcome these shortcomings, the 16550 series UARTs incorporated a 16-byte FIFO buffer with a programmable interrupt trigger of 1, 4, 8, or 14 bytes.
In computer science, a circular buffer, circular queue, cyclic buffer or ring buffer is a data structure that uses a single, fixed-size buffer as if it were connected end-to-end. This structure lends itself easily to buffering data streams. [1] There were early circular buffer implementations in hardware. [2] [3]
In computer programming, the stride of an array (also referred to as increment, pitch or step size) is the number of locations in memory between beginnings of successive array elements, measured in bytes or in units of the size of the array's elements. The stride cannot be smaller than the element size but can be larger, indicating extra space ...
Microsoft has published naming conventions for identifiers in C#, which recommends the use of PascalCase for the names of types and most type members, and camelCase for variables and for private or internal fields. [1] However, these naming conventions are not enforced in the language.
Perhaps the simplest example is storing values of bytes as differences (deltas) between sequential values, rather than the values themselves. So, instead of 2, 4, 6, 9, 7, we would store 2, 2, 2, 3, −2. This reduces the variance (range) of the values when neighbor samples are correlated, enabling a lower bit usage for the same data.