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All forms share the same general layout: stars of greater luminosity are toward the top of the diagram, and stars with higher surface temperature are toward the left side of the diagram. The original diagram displayed the spectral type of stars on the horizontal axis and the absolute visual magnitude on the vertical axis.
The main sequence is sometimes divided into upper and lower parts, based on the dominant process that a star uses to generate energy. The Sun, along with main sequence stars below about 1.5 times the mass of the Sun (1.5 M ☉), primarily fuse hydrogen atoms together in a series of stages to form helium, a sequence called the proton–proton chain.
Supergiants have masses from 8 to 12 times the Sun (M ☉) upwards, and luminosities from about 1,000 to over a million times the Sun (L ☉). They vary greatly in radius, usually from 30 to 500, or even in excess of 1,000 solar radii (R ☉). They are massive enough to begin helium-core burning gently before the core becomes degenerate ...
Stars form when small regions of a giant molecular cloud collapse under their own gravity, becoming protostars. The collapse releases gravitational energy, which heats up the protostar. This process occurs on the free fall timescale, which is roughly 100,000 years for solar-mass protostars, and ends when the protostar reaches approximately 4000 ...
These stars are only 5–10 times the radius of the Sun (R ☉), compared to red giants which are up to 300 R ☉. The coolest and least luminous stars referred to as blue giants are on the horizontal branch , intermediate-mass stars that have passed through a red giant phase and are now burning helium in their cores.
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The horizontal branch (HB) is a stage of stellar evolution that immediately follows the red-giant branch in stars whose masses are similar to the Sun's. Horizontal-branch stars are powered by helium fusion in the core (via the triple-alpha process) and by hydrogen fusion (via the CNO cycle) in a shell surrounding the core.
The Sun is 1.4 million kilometers (4.643 light-seconds) wide, about 109 times wider than Earth, or four times the Lunar distance, and contains 99.86% of all Solar System mass. The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star that makes up about 99.86% of the mass of the Solar System. [26]
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