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In computer science, a universal Turing machine (UTM) is a Turing machine capable of computing any computable sequence, [1] as described by Alan Turing in his seminal paper "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem". Common sense might say that a universal machine is impossible, but Turing proves that it is possible.
An oracle machine or o-machine is a Turing a-machine that pauses its computation at state "o" while, to complete its calculation, it "awaits the decision" of "the oracle"—an entity unspecified by Turing "apart from saying that it cannot be a machine" (Turing (1939), The Undecidable, p. 166–168).
Turing defined the class of unorganized machines as largely random in their initial construction, but capable of being trained to perform particular tasks. Turing's unorganized machines were in fact very early examples of randomly connected, binary neural networks, and Turing claimed that these were the simplest possible model of the nervous ...
Turing's a-machine model. Turing's a-machine (as he called it) was left-ended, right-end-infinite. He provided symbols əə to mark the left end. A finite number of tape symbols were permitted. The instructions (if a universal machine), and the "input" and "out" were written only on "F-squares", and markers were to appear on "E-squares".
Smith's proof has unleashed a debate on the precise operational conditions a Turing machine must satisfy in order for it to be candidate universal machine. A universal (2,3) Turing machine has conceivable applications. [19] For instance, a machine that small and simple can be embedded or constructed using a small number of particles or molecules.
[8]: 1 Von Neumann's initial design was founded upon the notion of one robot building another robot. This design is known as the kinematic model. This design is known as the kinematic model. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] As he developed this design, von Neumann came to realize the great difficulty of building a self-replicating robot, and of the great cost in ...
In his 1936 paper, Turing described his idea as a "universal computing machine", but it is now known as the Universal Turing machine. [citation needed] Turing was sought by Womersley to work in the NPL on the ACE project; he accepted and began work on 1 October 1945 and by the end of the year he completed his outline of his 'Proposed electronic ...
With regard to what actions the machine actually does, Turing (1936) [2] states the following: "This [example] table (and all succeeding tables of the same kind) is to be understood to mean that for a configuration described in the first two columns the operations in the third column are carried out successively, and the machine then goes over into the m-configuration in the final column."