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  2. Heterogeneous water oxidation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneous_Water_Oxidation

    Of the two half reactions, the oxidation step is the most demanding because it requires the coupling of 4 electron and proton transfers and the formation of an oxygen-oxygen bond. This process occurs naturally in plants photosystem II to provide protons and electrons for the photosynthesis process and release oxygen to the atmosphere, [ 1 ] as ...

  3. Pyrometallurgy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrometallurgy

    The most common example of roasting is the oxidation of metal sulfide ores. The metal sulfide is heated in the presence of air to a temperature that allows the oxygen in the air to react with the sulfide to form sulfur dioxide gas and solid metal oxide. The solid product from roasting is often called "calcine".

  4. Hydrometallurgy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometallurgy

    Cementation is the conversion of the metal ion to the metal by a redox reaction. A typical application involves addition of scrap iron to a solution of copper ions. Iron dissolves and copper metal is deposited. Solvent Extraction; Ion exchange; Gas reduction. Treating a solution of nickel and ammonia with hydrogen affords nickel metal as its ...

  5. Reactivity series - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactivity_series

    The most reactive metals, such as sodium, will react with cold water to produce hydrogen and the metal hydroxide: 2 Na (s) + 2 H 2 O (l) →2 NaOH (aq) + H 2 (g) Metals in the middle of the reactivity series, such as iron , will react with acids such as sulfuric acid (but not water at normal temperatures) to give hydrogen and a metal salt ...

  6. Extractive metallurgy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractive_metallurgy

    Extractive metallurgy is a branch of metallurgical engineering wherein process and methods of extraction of metals from their natural mineral deposits are studied. The field is a materials science, covering all aspects of the types of ore, washing, concentration, separation, chemical processes and extraction of pure metal and their alloying to suit various applications, sometimes for direct ...

  7. Metal ions in aqueous solution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_ions_in_aqueous_solution

    Metal aqua ions are often involved in the formation of complexes. The reaction may be written as pM x+ (aq) + qL y− → [M p L q] (px-qy)+ In reality this is a substitution reaction in which one or more water molecules from the first hydration shell of the metal ion are replaced by ligands, L. The complex is described as an inner-sphere complex.

  8. Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-ferrous_extractive...

    [1] [2] [3] Metals like zinc, copper, lead, aluminium as well as rare and noble metals are of particular interest in this field, [1] while the more common metal, iron, is considered a major impurity. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Like ferrous extraction, non-ferrous extraction primarily focuses on the economic optimization of extraction processes in separating ...

  9. Leaching (metallurgy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaching_(metallurgy)

    Leaching is a process widely used in extractive metallurgy where ore is treated with chemicals to convert the valuable metals within the ore, into soluble salts while the impurity remains insoluble. These can then be washed out and processed to give the pure metal; the materials left over are commonly known as tailings.