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In chemistry, orbital hybridisation (or hybridization) is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals (with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals) suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory.
In chemistry, isovalent or second order hybridization is an extension of orbital hybridization, the mixing of atomic orbitals into hybrid orbitals which can form chemical bonds, to include fractional numbers of atomic orbitals of each type (s, p, d). It allows for a quantitative depiction of bond formation when the molecular geometry deviates ...
Bent's rule can be extended to rationalize the hybridization of nonbonding orbitals as well. On the one hand, a lone pair (an occupied nonbonding orbital) can be thought of as the limiting case of an electropositive substituent, with electron density completely polarized towards the central atom.
For example, the carbon in methane (CH 4) undergoes sp 3 hybridization to form four equivalent orbitals, resulting in a tetrahedral shape. Different types of hybridization, such as sp, sp 2, and sp 3, correspond to specific molecular geometries (linear, trigonal planar, and tetrahedral), influencing the bond angles observed in molecules. Hybrid ...
Isovalent hybridization is used to explain bond angles of those molecules that is inconsistent with the generalized simple sp, sp 2 and sp 3 hybridization. For molecules containing lone pairs, the true hybridization of these molecules depends on the amount of s and p characters of the central atom which is related to its electronegativity.
In these compounds, it is not possible for the carbon atoms to assume the 109.5° bond angles with standard sp 3 hybridization. Increasing the p-character to sp 5 (i.e. 1 ⁄ 6 s-density and 5 ⁄ 6 p-density) [5] makes it possible to reduce the bond angles to 60°. At the same time, the carbon-to-hydrogen bonds gain more s-character, which ...
Linus Pauling explained the importance of orbital overlap in the molecular bond angles observed through experimentation; it is the basis for orbital hybridization. As s orbitals are spherical (and have no directionality) and p orbitals are oriented 90° to each other, a theory was needed to explain why molecules such as methane (CH 4 ) had ...
Hybridization (or hybridisation) may refer to: Hybridization (biology) , the process of combining different varieties of organisms to create a hybrid Orbital hybridization , in chemistry, the mixing of atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals
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