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Spatial transcriptomics is a method that captures positional context of transcriptional activity within intact tissue [1].The historical precursor to spatial transcriptomics is in situ hybridization [2], where the modernized omics terminology refers to the measurement of all the mRNA in a cell rather than select RNA targets.
The animation presents the elongation and membrane targeting stages of eukaryotic translation, showing the mRNA as a black arc, the ribosome subunits in green and yellow, tRNAs in dark blue, proteins such as elongation and other factors involved in light blue, the growing polypeptide chain as a black thread growing vertically from the curve of ...
The mRNA is extracted from the organism and reverse transcriptase is used to copy the mRNA into stable ds-cDNA (blue). In microarrays, the ds-cDNA is fragmented and fluorescently labelled (orange). The labelled fragments bind to an ordered array of complementary oligonucleotides, and measurement of fluorescent intensity across the array ...
Riboswitch-controlled formation of rho-independent transcription termination hairpins leads to premature transcription termination. Riboswitch-mediated folding sequesters the ribosome-binding site, thereby inhibiting translation. The riboswitch is a ribozyme that cleaves itself in the presence of sufficient concentrations of its metabolite.
During transcription, the original template strand is usually read from the 3' to the 5' end from beginning to end. Subgenomic mRNAs are created when transcription begins at the 3' end of the template strand (or 5' of the to-be-newly synthesized template) and begins to copy towards the 5' end of the template strand before "jumping" to the end of the template and copying the last nucleotides of ...
Transcription occurs in the nucleus using DNA as a template to produce mRNA. In eukaryotes, this mRNA molecule is known as pre-mRNA as it undergoes post-transcriptional modifications in the nucleus to produce a mature mRNA molecule. However, in prokaryotes post-transcriptional modifications are not required so the mature mRNA molecule is ...
The T7 promoter region allows large-scale in vitro T7 transcription to transcribe the DNA library into an mRNA library, which provides templates for the in vitro translation reaction later. The ribosomal binding site in the 5’-untranslated region (5’ UTR) is designed according to the in vitro translation system to be used.
Translation promotes transcription elongation and regulates transcription termination. Functional coupling between transcription and translation is caused by direct physical interactions between the ribosome and RNA polymerase ("expressome complex"), ribosome-dependent changes to nascent mRNA secondary structure which affect RNA polymerase activity (e.g. "attenuation"), and ribosome-dependent ...
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