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  2. History of serfdom - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_serfdom

    Before that time, Eastern Europe had been much more sparsely populated than Western Europe, and the lords of Eastern Europe created a peasantry-friendly environment to encourage migration east. [3] Serfdom developed in Eastern Europe after the Black Death epidemics of the mid-14th century, which stopped the eastward migration. The resulting ...

  3. Serfdom - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom

    Serfdom was the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism, and similar systems. It was a condition of debt bondage and indentured servitude with similarities to and differences from slavery. It developed during late antiquity and the Early Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-19th ...

  4. Scottish society in the Middle Ages - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_society_in_the...

    Serfdom disappeared from the records in the fourteenth century and new social groups of labourers, craftsmen and merchants, became important in the developing burghs. This led to increasing social tensions in urban society, but, in contrast to England and France, there was a lack of major unrest in Scottish rural society, where there was ...

  5. Slavery in medieval Europe - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe

    During the medieval period (500–1500), wartime captives were commonly forced into slavery. As European kingdoms transitioned to feudal societies, a different legal category of unfree persons – serfdom –began to replace slavery as the main economic and agricultural engine.

  6. Serfdom in Russia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia

    The term muzhik, or moujik (Russian: мужи́к, IPA:) means "Russian peasant" when it is used in English. [5] [clarification needed] This word was borrowed from Russian into Western languages through translations of 19th-century Russian literature, describing Russian rural life of those times, and where the word muzhik was used to mean the most common rural dweller – a peasant – but ...

  7. Serfdom in Poland - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom_in_Poland

    This phenomenon was also witnessed in several other Central and Eastern European countries, and was known as the "second serfdom" or "neo-serfdom". [1] [15] Reversal of those trends begun in the 18th century, as part of various reforms aiming the revitalize the ailing governance and economy of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

  8. History of Europe - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Europe

    In eastern Europe, Volga Bulgaria became an Islamic state in 921, after Almış I converted to Islam under the missionary efforts of Ahmad ibn Fadlan. [43] Slavery in the early medieval period had mostly died out in western Europe by about the year 1000 AD, replaced by serfdom. It lingered longer in England and in peripheral areas linked to the ...

  9. Scotland in the Middle Ages - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages

    The population may have grown to a peak of a million before the arrival of the Black Death in 1350. In the early Middle Ages society was divided between a small aristocracy and larger numbers of freemen and slaves. Serfdom disappeared in the fourteenth century and there was a growth of new social groups.