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Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C 6 H 4 (OH) 2. It has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Hydroquinone is a commonly used agent in skin whiteners. The European Union banned it from cosmetics in 2000. [9] It works by decreasing melanin production. [9] Tretinoin, also known as all-trans retinoic acid, may be used to whiten specific areas. [6] It may be used in combination with steroids and hydroquinone. [6]
α-Arbutin is a synthetic substance that can be produced by enzymatic glycosylation of hydroquinone in the presence of α-amylase and dextrin.In one example, this has been done in recombinant Escherichia coli, using amylase of Bacillus subtilis and sucrose phosphorylase of Leuconostoc mesenteroides.
“Chaga mushroom has been shown to block the enzyme responsible for production of dark spots on the skin, the same target as ingredients like hydroquinone, kojic acid, and arbutin,” says Dr ...
Niacinamide and tranexamic acid work to brighten dark spots, while bakuchiol, a plant-based retinol alternative, helps even out skin tone, according to the brand. Again, make sure to clear this ...
Arbutin is a compound where a glucose molecule, specifically d-glucose, is chemically bound to hydroquinone.In aqueous solutions, glucose can exist in one of three stereoisomeric forms: α, β, or γ, with the β-anomer being the predominant form. [4]