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Baker's percentages do not accurately reflect the impact of the amount of gluten-forming proteins in the flour on the final product and therefore may need to be adjusted from country to country, or even miller to miller, depending on definitions of terms like "bread flour" and actual protein content. [21]
All-purpose, or "AP flour", or plain flour is medium in gluten protein content at 9.5–11.5% [18] (10–12% from second source [19]) protein content. It has adequate protein content for many bread and pizza bases, though bread flour and special 00 grade Italian flour are often preferred for these purposes, respectively, especially by artisan ...
Bread flour or strong flour is always made from hard wheat, usually hard spring wheat. It has a very high protein content, between 10% and 13%, making it excellent for yeast bread baking. It can be white or whole wheat or in between. [3] Cake flour is a finely milled white flour made from soft wheat.
If one uses a flour with a lower protein content (9–11%) to produce bread, a shorter mixing time is required to develop gluten strength properly. An extended mixing time leads to oxidization of the dough, which gives the finished product a whiter crumb, instead of the cream color preferred by most artisan bakers. [40] Wheat flour, in addition ...
The quality of the bread produced depends on the viscoelastic properties of gluten, the protein content and protein composition. [8] [27] Containing about 12% total protein in defatted flour compared to 11% in common wheat, durum wheat yields 27% extractable, wet gluten compared to 24% in common wheat. [8]
The Chorleywood bread process (CBP) is a method of efficient dough production to make yeasted bread quickly, producing a soft, fluffy loaf. Compared to traditional bread-making processes, CBP uses more yeast, added fats, chemicals, and high-speed mixing to allow the dough to be made with lower-protein wheat, and produces bread in a shorter time.
Kodo millet is a nutritious grain and a good substitute for rice or wheat. The grain is composed of 11% of protein, providing 9 grams/100 g consumed. [18] It is an excellent source of fibre at 10 grams (37–38%), as opposed to rice, which provides 0.2/100 g, and wheat, which provides 1.2/100 g.
Spelt most likely originated as a hybrid of bread wheat and emmer. It continues to influence modern breeds of bread wheat. [12] Spelt, being closely related to bread wheat, is a likely source of alleles to increase wheat's genetic diversity, and so improve crop yields. Analysis of the Oberkulmer cultivar of spelt found 40 alleles that could ...
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