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Instrumental action has "nonpublic and actor-relative reasons," and value-rational action "publicly defensible and actor-independent reasons". [ 11 ] In addition, he proposed a new kind of social action—communicative—necessary to explain how individual instrumental action becomes prescribed in legitimate patterns of social interaction, thus ...
(1) instrumentally rational (zweckrational), that is, determined by expectations as to the behavior of objects in the environment and of other human beings; these expectations are used as "conditions" or "means" for the attainment of the actor's own rationally pursued and calculated ends; (2) value-rational (wertrational), that is, determined ...
The rational agent will then perform their own cost–benefit analysis using a variety of criterion to perform their self-determined best choice of action. One version of rationality is instrumental rationality , which involves achieving a goal using the most cost effective method without reflecting on the worthiness of that goal.
However, this usually ignores the human limitations of the mind. Given these limitations, various discrepancies may be necessary (and in this sense rational) to get the most useful results. [6] [12] [1] For example, the ideal rational norms of decision theory demand that the agent should always choose the option with the highest expected value ...
The mythological judgement of Paris required selecting from three incomparable alternatives (the goddesses shown).. Decision theory or the theory of rational choice is a branch of probability, economics, and analytic philosophy that uses the tools of expected utility and probability to model how individuals would behave rationally under uncertainty.
Instrumental rational (zweckrational): action "determined by expectations as to the behavior of objects in the environment of other human beings; these expectations are used as 'conditions' or 'means' for the attainment of the actor's own rationally pursued and calculated ends."
Instrumental and value-rational action – Philosophical terms; Knightian uncertainty – Lack of quantifiable knowledge in economics; Map–territory relation – Relationship between an object and a representation of that object; Moral hazard – Increases in the exposure to risk when insured, or when another bears the cost
According to Habermas, the "substantive" (i.e. formally and semantically integrated) rationality that characterized pre-modern worldviews has, since modern times, been emptied of its content and divided into three purely "formal" realms: (1) cognitive-instrumental reason; (2) moral-practical reason; and (3) aesthetic-expressive reason.