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Lahore City and Fort, circa 1825 The young Maharaja Duleep Singh, the last Sikh ruler of the Punjab. The Sikh period in Lahore initiated from the conquest and rule of the Sikh Misls and extended till the Sikh Empire of Ranjit Singh (also known as Punjab, the Sikh Raj, Sarkar Khālsā Rāj, and Sarkar Khalsaji) [1] which ended in 1849. [2]
The Sikh Empire was a regional power based in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. [4] It existed from 1799, when Maharaja Ranjit Singh captured Lahore, to 1849, when it was defeated and conquered by the British East India Company following the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
Photograph of a Sikh health worker of the Karachi Plague Committee in Old Town, Karachi, by R. Jalbhoy, 1897 Gurdwara Dera Sahib, Lahore. Prior to independence in 1947, 2 million Sikhs resided in the present day Pakistan and were spread all across Northern Pakistan, specifically the Punjab region and played an important role in its economy as farmers, businessmen, and traders.
The rule of the Sikhs over the entire Punjab east of Lahore obstructed the communication between Delhi and Lahore, the capital of Punjab, and this worried Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah He gave up his plan to subdue rebels in Rajasthan and marched towards Punjab. [52] The entire Imperial force was organised to defeat and kill Banda Singh. [53]
Detail of a depiction of a Misl-era Sikh cavalry warrior from a map of the Lahore Subah commissioned by Jean Baptiste Joseph Gentil, ca.1770. Fauja Singh considers the Sikh misls to be guerrilla armies, although he notes that the Sikh misls generally had greater numbers and a larger number of artillery pieces than a guerrilla army would. [36]
The city's Hindu and Sikh population left en masse during the partition and shifted to East Punjab and Delhi in India. In the process, Lahore lost its entire Hindu and Sikh population. The emigrants were replaced by Muslim refugees from India. Muslim refugees and locals competed for ownership over abandoned Hindu and Sikh property. [5]
However, the proportion of revenue alienated by the way of dharmarth was much larger during Sikh-rule compared to the predecessor Mughals. [22] Another difference was that the proportion of hereditary jagirs was larger during Sikh-rule. [22] The three classes in-relation to land tenures was the same between Mughal and Sikh-rule: [22]
Lahore came under progressively weaker central rule under Iltutmish's descendants in Delhi - to the point that governors in the city acted with great autonomy. [17] Under the rule of Kabir Khan Ayaz, Lahore was virtually independent from the Delhi Sultanate. [17] Lahore was sacked and ruined by the Mongol army in 1241. [21]