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The Antoine equation is a class of semi-empirical correlations describing the relation between vapor pressure and temperature for pure substances. The Antoine equation is derived from the Clausius–Clapeyron relation. The equation was presented in 1888 by the French engineer Louis Charles Antoine (1825–1897). [1]
VLE of the mixture of chloroform and methanol plus NRTL fit and extrapolation to different pressures. The non-random two-liquid model [1] (abbreviated NRTL model) is an activity coefficient model introduced by Renon and Prausnitz in 1968 that correlates the activity coefficients of a compound with its mole fractions in the liquid phase concerned.
The Antoine equation [3] [4] is a pragmatic mathematical expression of the relation between the vapor pressure and the temperature of pure liquid or solid substances. It is obtained by curve-fitting and is adapted to the fact that vapor pressure is usually increasing and concave as a function of temperature. The basic form of the equation is:
[4]: 215 In other words, the temperature, pressure and molar Gibbs free energy are the same between the two phases when they are at equilibrium. An equivalent, more common way to express the vapor–liquid equilibrium condition in a pure system is by using the concept of fugacity. Under this view, equilibrium is described by the following equation:
This page provides supplementary chemical data on toluene. MSDS sheets. Structure and properties. Structure and properties Index of refraction, n D: 1.4969 at 20 °C ...
Only one equation of state will not be sufficient to reconstitute the fundamental equation. All equations of state will be needed to fully characterize the thermodynamic system. Note that what is commonly called "the equation of state" is just the "mechanical" equation of state involving the Helmholtz potential and the volume:
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Suppose a system is subdivided into N sub-systems with negligible interaction energy, that is, we can assume the particles are essentially non-interacting. If the partition functions of the sub-systems are ζ 1 , ζ 2 , ..., ζ N , then the partition function of the entire system is the product of the individual partition functions: Z = ∏ j ...