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  2. Translation (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(biology)

    A ribosome is made up of two subunits, a small subunit, and a large subunit. These subunits come together before the translation of mRNA into a protein to provide a location for translation to be carried out and a polypeptide to be produced. [2] The choice of amino acid type to add is determined by a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. Each amino ...

  3. Central dogma of molecular biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular...

    Reverse transcription is the transfer of information from RNA to DNA (the reverse of normal transcription). This is known to occur in the case of retroviruses, such as HIV, as well as in eukaryotes, in the case of retrotransposons and telomere synthesis. It is the process by which genetic information from RNA gets transcribed into new DNA.

  4. Genetic code - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_code

    The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets, or codons) into proteins. Translation is accomplished by the ribosome, which links proteinogenic amino acids in an order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA), using transfer RNA (tRNA ...

  5. DNA and RNA codon tables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_and_RNA_codon_tables

    A codon table can be used to translate a genetic code into a sequence of amino acids. [1] [2] The standard genetic code is traditionally represented as an RNA codon table, because when proteins are made in a cell by ribosomes, it is messenger RNA (mRNA) that directs protein synthesis. [2] [3] The mRNA sequence is determined by the sequence of ...

  6. Gene structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_structure

    The structure of eukaryotic genes includes features not found in prokaryotes. Most of these relate to post-transcriptional modification of pre-mRNAs to produce mature mRNA ready for translation into protein. Eukaryotic genes typically have more regulatory elements to control gene expression compared to prokaryotes. [5]

  7. DNA-binding protein - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-binding_protein

    Within chromosomes, DNA is held in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones. In prokaryotes, multiple types of proteins are involved.

  8. Protein structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_structure

    Protein structure is the three ... A specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is read by the ribosome in a process called translation.

  9. Eukaryotic translation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_translation

    Eukaryotic translation is the biological process by which messenger RNA is translated into proteins in eukaryotes. It consists of four phases: initiation, elongation, termination, and recapping. It consists of four phases: initiation, elongation, termination, and recapping.