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The first machine to use out-of-order execution was the CDC 6600 (1964), designed by James E. Thornton, which uses a scoreboard to avoid conflicts. It permits an instruction to execute if its source operand (read) registers aren't to be written to by any unexecuted earlier instruction (true dependency) and the destination (write) register not be a register used by any unexecuted earlier ...
Seymour Cray's CDC 6600 from 1964 is often mentioned as the first superscalar design. The 1967 IBM System/360 Model 91 was another superscalar mainframe. The Intel i960CA (1989), [3] the AMD 29000-series 29050 (1990), and the Motorola MC88110 (1991), [4] microprocessors were the first commercial single-chip superscalar microprocessors.
64-bit, integrated memory controller, 16 byte instruction prefetching AMD K10: 2007 Superscalar, out-of-order execution, 32-way set associative L3 victim cache, 32-byte instruction prefetching: ARM7TDMI (-S) 2001 3 ARM7EJ-S: 2001 5 ARM810 5 static branch prediction, double-bandwidth memory ARM9TDMI 1998 5 ARM1020E 6 XScale PXA210/PXA250: 2002 7 ...
In computer engineering, instruction pipelining is a technique for implementing instruction-level parallelism within a single processor. Pipelining attempts to keep every part of the processor busy with some instruction by dividing incoming instructions into a series of sequential steps (the eponymous "pipeline") performed by different processor units with different parts of instructions ...
Early computers often worked lock-step with their main memory, which reduced the advantages of large register files. A common design note from the minicomputer market of the 1960s was to have the registers be physically implemented in main memory, in which case the performance advantage was simply that the instruction could directly refer to the location rather than having to use a second byte ...
The destination register of the add instruction on line 1 (R1) is part of the instruction encoding, and so can be determined by the microprocessor early on, during the decode stage of the pipeline. Similarly, the source registers of the add instruction on line 2 (R1 and R4) are also encoded into the instruction itself and are determined in ...
Just as we do with babies, you can practice nonverbal communication with these three steps: demonstration, observation and explicit instruction, according to Paul of the American Speech-Language ...
For those processors that have only one pipeline per core, interleaved multithreading is the only possible way, because it can issue at most one instruction per cycle. Simultaneous multithreading (SMT): Issue multiple instructions from multiple threads in one cycle. The processor must be superscalar to do so.