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Segmentation genes of Drosophila embryo [1]. A segmentation gene is a gene involved in the early developmental stages of pattern formation. It regulates how cells are organized and defines repeated units in the embryo.
Multipartite is a class of virus that have segmented nucleic acid genomes, with each segment of the genome enclosed in a separate viral particle. Only a few ssDNA viruses have multipartite genomes, but a many more RNA viruses have multipartite genomes. [1]
The repeats, or duplications, are typically 10–300 kb in length, and bear greater than 95% sequence identity.Though rare in most mammals, LCRs comprise a large portion of the human genome owing to a significant expansion during primate evolution. [1]
The gooseberry gene's role in segmentation was believed to be involved in segment-polarity class of segmentation genes required for the formation of larval segments because, during embryogenesis, half of the larval segments are replaced by the remain half segment, but in a reversed polarity, which suggested that gooseberry was a single gene. [8]
A positive-sense genome copy that serves as template for production of the negative-strand genome is then produced. Replication is within the cytoplasm. Viruses with segmented genomes for which replication occurs in the cytoplasm and for which the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase produces monocistronic mRNAs from each genome segment.
The order name Articulavirales derives from Latin articulata meaning "segmented" (alluding to the segmented genome of member viruses) added to the suffix for virus orders -virales. [3] The class name Insthoviricetes is a portmanteau of member viruses "influenza, isavirus, and thogotovirus" added to the suffix -viricetes for virus classes. [3]
IAV is an enveloped negative-sense RNA virus, with a segmented genome. [4] Through a combination of mutation and genetic reassortment the virus can evolve to acquire new characteristics, enabling it to evade host immunity and occasionally to jump from one species of host to another. [5] [6]
When influenza viruses are inactivated by UV irradiation or ionizing radiation, they remain capable of multiplicity reactivation in infected host cells. [5] [6] [7] If any of a virus's genome segments is damaged in such a way as to prevent replication or expression of an essential gene, the virus is inviable when it, alone, infects a host cell (single infection).