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Main sapphire-producing countries. Sapphire is a precious gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum, consisting of aluminium oxide (α-Al 2 O 3) with trace amounts of elements such as iron, titanium, cobalt, lead, chromium, vanadium, magnesium, boron, and silicon.
Corundum is a crystalline form of aluminium oxide (Al 2 O 3) typically containing traces of iron, titanium, vanadium, and chromium. [3] [4] It is a rock-forming mineral.It is a naturally transparent material, but can have different colors depending on the presence of transition metal impurities in its crystalline structure. [7]
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Technically wheat is an invasive species in most of the countries it is grown, but because it is economically important to humans we don't classify it as such. In a way, biological globalization allowed for the economic growth of many countries on the global scale, like America and Ukraine, where wheat became a huge export.
The countries with the highest share of articles published in scientific journals according to the Nature Index 2024, which is valid for the calendar year 2023. [2] The "count" is the total number of articles to which nationals of the country have contributed.
Main ruby producing countries. Ruby is a pinkish red to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapphires.
The Gubelin Lab of Switzerland recently certified the sapphire in its finished, carved form at 61,500 carats (almost 28 pounds, or 12.3 kilograms). [4] The Millennium Sapphire was showcased at the 2002 Academy Awards, [5] and in 2004 it made an appearance in Seattle at the launch of Princess Cruises' ship, The Sapphire Princess. [6]
The study of abiogenesis aims to determine how pre-life chemical reactions gave rise to life under conditions strikingly different from those on Earth today. It primarily uses tools from biology and chemistry , with more recent approaches attempting a synthesis of many sciences.