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The Mpemba effect is the name given to the observation that a liquid (typically water) that is initially hot can freeze faster than the same liquid which begins cold, under otherwise similar conditions. There is disagreement about its theoretical basis and the parameters required to produce the effect.
Erasto Bartholomeo Mpemba [1] (1950–2023) [note 1] was a Tanzanian game warden who, as a schoolboy, discovered the eponymously named Mpemba effect, a paradoxical phenomenon in which hot water freezes faster than cold water under certain conditions; this effect had been observed previously by Aristotle, Francis Bacon, and René Descartes.
An ice surface in fresh water melts solely by free convection with a rate that depends linearly on the water temperature, T ∞, when T ∞ is less than 3.98 °C, and superlinearly when T ∞ is equal to or greater than 3.98 °C, with the rate being proportional to (T ∞ − 3.98 °C) α, with α = 5 / 3 for T ∞ much greater than 8 ...
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One can therefore observe a delay until the water adjusts to the new, below-freezing temperature. [8] Supercooled liquid water must become ice at -48 C (-55 F), not just because of the extreme cold, but because the molecular structure of water changes physically to form tetrahedron shapes, with each water molecule loosely bonded to four others. [9]
How to: Transfer any liquids to an ice cube tray, freeze, then pop them out and place the cubes in a labeled zip-top bag. “These frozen blocks are full of flavor and can add the chef's kiss to ...
So creatures that live at the bottom of cold oceans like the Arctic Ocean generally live in water 4 °C colder than at the bottom of frozen-over fresh water lakes and rivers. As the surface of sea water begins to freeze (at −1.9 °C for salinity 3.5%) the ice that forms is essentially salt-free, with about the same density as freshwater ice. [19]
What to do when water pipes freeze. Here are tips from The Red Cross. If you turn on a faucet and only a trickle comes out, suspect a frozen pipe. Likely places for frozen pipes include against ...