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The M 3 muscarinic receptors are located at many places in the body, e.g., smooth muscles, the bladder, the endocrine glands, the exocrine glands, lungs, pancreas and the brain. In the CNS, they induce emesis.
The M 3 receptors are also located in many glands, which help to stimulate secretion in, for example, the salivary glands, as well as other glands of the body. Like the M 1 muscarinic receptor, M 3 receptors are G proteins of class G q that upregulate phospholipase C and, therefore, inositol trisphosphate and intracellular calcium as a ...
The parasympathetic nervous system, which uses acetylcholine almost exclusively to send its messages, is said to be almost entirely cholinergic. Neuromuscular junctions, preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system, the basal forebrain, and brain stem complexes are also cholinergic, as are the receptor for the merocrine sweat glands.
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M 2, also known as the cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 2, is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor that in humans is encoded by the CHRM2 gene. [5] Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene. [ 5 ]
A muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, also simply known as a muscarinic agonist or as a muscarinic agent, is an agent that activates the activity of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. [1] The muscarinic receptor has different subtypes, labelled M1-M5, allowing for further differentiation.
Acetylcholine (ACh) is an organic compound that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals (including humans) as a neurotransmitter. [1] Its name is derived from its chemical structure: it is an ester of acetic acid and choline. [2] Parts in the body that use or are affected by acetylcholine are referred to as cholinergic.
The muscarine cholinergic receptor activates a G-protein when bound to extracellular ACh. The alpha subunit of the G-protein activates guanylate cyclase (inhibiting the effects of intracellular cAMP) while the beta-gamma subunit activates the K-channels and therefore hyperpolarize the cell. This causes a decrease in cardiac activity.
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M 1, also known as the cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 1, is a muscarinic receptor that in humans is encoded by the CHRM1 gene. [5] It is localized to 11q13. [5] This receptor is found mediating slow EPSP at the ganglion in the postganglionic nerve, [6] is common in exocrine glands and in the CNS. [7] [8]