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  2. Open system (systems theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_system_(systems_theory)

    In the social sciences an open system is a process that exchanges material, energy, people, capital and information with its environment. French/Greek philosopher Kostas Axelos argued that seeing the "world system" as inherently open (though unified) would solve many of the problems in the social sciences, including that of praxis (the relation of knowledge to practice), so that various social ...

  3. Open system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_system

    Open system, in management science a system that is capable of self-maintenance on the basis of throughput of resources from the environment; Open system of learning, where information is sourced from multiple sources; Open government, system; Open-system environment reference model, one of the first reference models for enterprise architecture

  4. Equifinality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equifinality

    Equifinality is the principle that in open systems a given end state can be reached by many potential means. The term and concept is due to the German Hans Driesch, the developmental biologist, later applied by the Austrian Ludwig von Bertalanffy, the founder of general systems theory, and by William T. Powers, the founder of perceptual control theory.

  5. First law of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics

    An open system is not adiabatically enclosed. There are some cases in which a process for an open system can, for particular purposes, be considered as if it were for a closed system. In an open system, by definition hypothetically or potentially, matter can pass between the system and its surroundings.

  6. Open systems architecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_systems_architecture

    Systems design is a process of defining and engineering the architecture, methods, and interfaces necessary to accomplish a goal or fulfill a set of requirements. In open systems architecture, the design includes intentional provisions to make it possible to expand or modify the system at a later stage after initial operation.

  7. Systemic functional grammar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_functional_grammar

    By contrast, lexical sets are open systems, since new words come into a language all the time. [7] [8] These grammatical systems play a role in the construal of meanings of different kinds. This is the basis of Halliday's claim that language is meta-functionally organised. He argues that the raison d'être of language is meaning in social life ...

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  9. Systems science - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_science

    Systems science, also referred to as systems research or simply systems, [1] is a transdisciplinary [2] field that is concerned with understanding simple and complex systems in nature and society, which leads to the advancements of formal, natural, social, and applied attributions throughout engineering, technology and science, itself.