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A Turing machine that is able to simulate any other Turing machine is called a universal Turing machine (UTM, or simply a universal machine). Another mathematical formalism, lambda calculus, with a similar "universal" nature was introduced by Alonzo Church. Church's work intertwined with Turing's to form the basis for the Church–Turing thesis.
Donald Knuth cites Turing's work on the ACE computer as designing "hardware to facilitate subroutine linkage"; [6] Davis also references this work as Turing's use of a hardware "stack". [7] As the Turing machine was encouraging the construction of computers, the UTM was encouraging the development of the fledgling computer sciences.
In his 1936 paper, Turing described his idea as a "universal computing machine", but it is now known as the Universal Turing machine. [citation needed] Turing was sought by Womersley to work in the NPL on the ACE project; he accepted and began work on 1 October 1945 and by the end of the year he completed his outline of his 'Proposed electronic ...
Although published before the structure and role of DNA was understood, Turing's work on morphogenesis remains relevant today and is considered a seminal piece of work in mathematical biology. [148] One of the early applications of Turing's paper was the work by James Murray explaining spots and stripes on the fur of cats, large and small.
They already did in 1950. Second, digital machinery is "universal". Turing's research into the foundations of computation had proved that a digital computer can, in theory, simulate the behaviour of any other digital machine, given enough memory and time. (This is the essential insight of the Church–Turing thesis and the universal Turing ...
A Colossus computer was thus not a fully Turing complete machine. However, University of San Francisco professor Benjamin Wells has shown that if all ten Colossus machines made were rearranged in a specific cluster, then the entire set of computers could have simulated a universal Turing machine, and thus be Turing complete. [70]
Other possibilities to refine Turing’s theory. Turing’s hypothesis first appeared in 1952 in a paper he wrote titled “The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis.”
Turing defined the class of unorganized machines as largely random in their initial construction, but capable of being trained to perform particular tasks. Turing's unorganized machines were in fact very early examples of randomly connected, binary neural networks , and Turing claimed that these were the simplest possible model of the nervous ...