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This mode of ground failure, termed lateral spreading, is a principal cause of liquefaction-related earthquake damage. [43] Beams and pier columns diagonal cracking, 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Severely damaged building of Agriculture Development Bank of China after 2008 Sichuan earthquake: most of the beams and pier columns are sheared.
Many earthquake engineers work on the problem of better defining the world data on building properties. [28] [29] After one knows the distribution of buildings into classes (histograms on the left in both frames of Figure 4), one needs to estimate how the population is distributed into these building types (histograms on the right in both ...
These waves can travel through any type of material, including fluids, and can travel nearly 1.7 times faster than the S waves. In air, they take the form of sound waves, hence they travel at the speed of sound. Typical speeds are 330 m/s in air, 1450 m/s in water and about 5000 m/s in granite.
As seen in the figure, a building has the potential to 'wave' back and forth during an earthquake (or even a severe wind storm). This is called the 'fundamental mode', and is the lowest frequency of building response. Most buildings, however, have higher modes of response, which are uniquely activated during earthquakes.
An aftershock is an earthquake that occurs after a previous earthquake, the mainshock. Rapid changes of stress between rocks, and the stress from the original earthquake are the main causes of these aftershocks, [35] along with the crust around the ruptured fault plane as it adjusts to the effects of the mainshock. [32]
LONDON — A powerful aftershock struck southern Turkey on Monday, in what has been a series of tremors to hit the region since the devastating 7.8-magnitude earthquake earlier this month.. The ...
Those buildings were believed to be largely unoccupied when, according to the Japan Meteorological Agency, the quakes hit off the Ishikawa coast a little after 4 p.m. local time (2 a.m. ET), with ...
Fig.2 : Site effects in Mexico city: recordings from the 1985 earthquake. Seismic site effects have been first evidenced during the 1985 Mexico City earthquake. [4] The earthquake epicenter was located along the Pacific Coast (several hundreds kilometers from Mexico-City), the seismic shaking was however extremely strong leading to very large damages.