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  2. Necessity and sufficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_and_sufficiency

    A condition can be both necessary and sufficient. For example, at present, "today is the Fourth of July" is a necessary and sufficient condition for "today is Independence Day in the United States". Similarly, a necessary and sufficient condition for invertibility of a matrix M is that M has a nonzero determinant.

  3. Biological tests of necessity and sufficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_tests_of...

    In other words, when some factor is necessary to cause an effect, it is impossible to have the effect without the cause. [3] X would instead be a sufficient cause of y when the occurrence of x implies that y must then occur. [2] in other words, when some factor is sufficient to cause an effect, the presence of the cause guarantees the ...

  4. Component causes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_causes

    A sufficient cause is a complete combination of component causes necessary for the disease to manifest. Diseases result from a chain of causally related events, starting from an initial event to the clinical appearance of the disease. No single antecedent event is sufficient on its own to cause the disease; each event is a part of the ...

  5. Causality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality

    Causes may sometimes be distinguished into two types: necessary and sufficient. [19] A third type of causation, which requires neither necessity nor sufficiency, but which contributes to the effect, is called a "contributory cause". Necessary causes If x is a necessary cause of y, then the presence of y necessarily implies the prior occurrence ...

  6. Correlation does not imply causation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply...

    The word "cause" (or "causation") has multiple meanings in English.In philosophical terminology, "cause" can refer to necessary, sufficient, or contributing causes. In examining correlation, "cause" is most often used to mean "one contributing cause" (but not necessarily the only contributing cause).

  7. Necessary condition analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessary_Condition_Analysis

    The absence these conditions guarantees the outcome cannot occur, and no other condition can overcome the lack of this condition. Further, necessary conditions are not always sufficient. For example, AIDS necessitates HIV, but HIV does not always cause AIDS. In such instances, the condition demonstrates its necessity but lacks sufficiency.

  8. College Football Playoff: Texas escapes Arizona State in ...

    www.aol.com/sports/college-football-playoff...

    The two programs took wildly different routes to get to Atlanta. Prior to the Peach Bowl, Texas and Arizona State had met exactly one time in history: 2007, when a Colt McCoy-led Longhorn team ...

  9. Causal pie model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_pie_model

    In the field of epidemiology, the causal mechanisms responsible for diseases can be understood using the causal pie model.This conceptual model was introduced by Ken Rothman to communicate how constellations of component causes can lead to a sufficient cause to lead to a condition of interest and that reflection on these sets could improve epidemiological study design.