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The first algorithm for polynomial decomposition was published in 1985, [6] though it had been discovered in 1976, [7] and implemented in the Macsyma/Maxima computer algebra system. [8] That algorithm takes exponential time in worst case, but works independently of the characteristic of the underlying field.
Suppose f is analytic in a neighborhood of a and f(a) = 0.Then f has a Taylor series at a and its constant term is zero. Because this constant term is zero, the function f(x) / (x − a) will have a Taylor series at a and, when f ′ (a) ≠ 0, its constant term will not be zero.
The points P 1, P 2, and P 3 (in blue) are collinear and belong to the graph of x 3 + 3 / 2 x 2 − 5 / 2 x + 5 / 4 . The points T 1, T 2, and T 3 (in red) are the intersections of the (dotted) tangent lines to the graph at these points with the graph itself. They are collinear too.
If p(x) is a univariate polynomial with real coefficients, let us denote by # + (p) the number of its positive real roots, counted with their multiplicity, [1] and by v(p) the number of sign variations in the sequence of its coefficients. Descartes's rule of signs asserts that v(p) – # + (p) is a nonnegative even integer.
For instance, in the above examples, the integer 3 can be partitioned into two parts as 2+1 only. Thus, there is only one monomial in B 3,2. However, the integer 6 can be partitioned into two parts as 5+1, 4+2, and 3+3. Thus, there are three monomials in B 6,2. Indeed, the subscripts of the variables in a monomial are the same as those given by ...
Yet another variant of the Stirling polynomials is considered in [3] (see also the subsection on Stirling convolution polynomials below). In particular, the article by I. Gessel and R. P. Stanley defines the modified Stirling polynomial sequences, ():= (+,) and ():= (,) where (,):= (,) are the unsigned Stirling numbers of the first kind, in terms of the two Stirling number triangles for non ...
For example, antiderivatives of x 2 + 1 have the form 1 / 3 x 3 + x + c. For polynomials whose coefficients come from more abstract settings (for example, if the coefficients are integers modulo some prime number p , or elements of an arbitrary ring), the formula for the derivative can still be interpreted formally, with the coefficient ...
[1] [2] The harmonic polynomials form a subspace of the vector space of polynomials over the given field. In fact, they form a graded subspace. [3] For the real field (), the harmonic polynomials are important in mathematical physics. [4] [5] [6]