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Bayesian learning mechanisms are probabilistic causal models [1] used in computer science to research the fundamental underpinnings of machine learning, and in cognitive neuroscience, to model conceptual development. [2] [3]
The problem with classic RNNs is computational (or practical) in nature: when training a classic RNN using back-propagation, the long-term gradients which are back-propagated can "vanish", meaning they can tend to zero due to very small numbers creeping into the computations, causing the model to effectively stop learning. RNNs using LSTM units ...
In computational learning theory, probably approximately correct (PAC) learning is a framework for mathematical analysis of machine learning. It was proposed in 1984 by Leslie Valiant . [ 1 ]
Machine learning (ML) is a field of study in artificial intelligence concerned with the development and study of statistical algorithms that can learn from data and generalize to unseen data, and thus perform tasks without explicit instructions. [1]
Bayesian methods are introduced for probabilistic inference in machine learning. [1] 1970s 'AI winter' caused by pessimism about machine learning effectiveness. 1980s: Rediscovery of backpropagation causes a resurgence in machine learning research. 1990s: Work on Machine learning shifts from a knowledge-driven approach to a data-driven approach.
In practice, for almost all complex Bayesian models used in machine learning, the posterior distribution (,) is not obtained in a closed form distribution, mainly because the parameter space for can be very high, or the Bayesian model retains certain hierarchical structure formulated from the observations and parameter . In such situations, we ...
Double descent in statistics and machine learning is the phenomenon where a model with a small number of parameters and a model with an extremely large number of parameters both have a small training error, but a model whose number of parameters is about the same as the number of data points used to train the model will have a much greater test ...
Online machine learning, from the work of Nick Littlestone [citation needed]. While its primary goal is to understand learning abstractly, computational learning theory has led to the development of practical algorithms. For example, PAC theory inspired boosting, VC theory led to support vector machines, and Bayesian inference led to belief ...