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  2. Instrumental variables estimation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_variables...

    One computational method which can be used to calculate IV estimates is two-stage least squares (2SLS or TSLS). In the first stage, each explanatory variable that is an endogenous covariate in the equation of interest is regressed on all of the exogenous variables in the model, including both exogenous covariates in the equation of interest and ...

  3. Back-of-the-envelope calculation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-of-the-envelope...

    A back-of-the-envelope calculation is a rough calculation, typically jotted down on any available scrap of paper such as an envelope. It is more than a guess but less than an accurate calculation or mathematical proof. The defining characteristic of back-of-the-envelope calculations is the use of simplified assumptions.

  4. Type III error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_III_error

    In statistical hypothesis testing, there are various notions of so-called type III errors (or errors of the third kind), and sometimes type IV errors or higher, by analogy with the type I and type II errors of Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson. Fundamentally, type III errors occur when researchers provide the right answer to the wrong question, i.e ...

  5. Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_under_the_curve...

    Absolute bioavailability refers to the bioavailability of a drug when administered via an extravascular dosage form (i.e. oral tablet, suppository, subcutaneous, etc.) compared with the bioavailability of the same drug administered intravenously (IV). This is done by comparing the AUC of the non-intravenous dosage form with the AUC for the drug ...

  6. Implied volatility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implied_volatility

    In financial mathematics, the implied volatility (IV) of an option contract is that value of the volatility of the underlying instrument which, when input in an option pricing model (usually Black–Scholes), will return a theoretical value equal to the price of the option.

  7. Elimination rate constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimination_rate_constant

    The solution of this differential equation is useful in calculating the concentration after the administration of a single dose of drug via IV bolus injection: = C t is concentration after time t; C 0 is the initial concentration (t=0) K is the elimination rate constant

  8. List of musical scales and modes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_musical_scales_and...

    Download QR code; Print/export Download as PDF; Printable version; In other projects ... A free Android app with scales & building chords for the scales;

  9. Mode (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_(statistics)

    In statistics, the mode is the value that appears most often in a set of data values. [1] If X is a discrete random variable, the mode is the value x at which the probability mass function takes its maximum value (i.e., x=argmax x i P(X = x i)).