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The adverse side effects of amphetamine are many and varied, and the amount of amphetamine used is the primary factor in determining the likelihood and severity of adverse effects. [ 29 ] [ 41 ] Amphetamine products such as Adderall , Dexedrine, and their generic equivalents are currently approved by the U.S. FDA for long-term therapeutic use.
MDA is bought, sold, and used as a recreational drug due to its enhancement of mood and empathy. [8] A recreational dose of MDA is sometimes cited as being between 100 and 160 mg. [9] It produces MDMA-like effects, including entactogen and psychedelic effects. [2] [9] [10]
Amphetamine is used by some athletes for its psychological and athletic performance-enhancing effects, such as increased endurance and alertness; [78] [79] however, non-medical amphetamine use is prohibited at sporting events that are regulated by collegiate, national, and international anti-doping agencies.
Neurocognitive enhancing effects of stimulants, specifically modafinil, amphetamine and methylphenidate have been reported in healthy adolescents by some studies, [10] and is a commonly cited reason among illicit drug users for use, particularly among college students in the context of studying. [10]
MDEA is a substituted amphetamine and a substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine. MDEA acts as a serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent and reuptake inhibitor. [1] Possession of MDEA is illegal in most countries. Some limited exceptions exist for scientific and medical research.
During World War II, amphetamine and methamphetamine were used extensively by Allied and Axis forces for their stimulant and performance-enhancing effects. [ 4 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] As the addictive properties of the drugs became known, governments began to place strict controls on these drugs. [ 4 ]
Amphetamine type stimulants can be used in the treatment of narcolepsy, a rare neurological disorder where the brain is unable to regulate the sleep-wake mechanism. [17] Amphetamines causes an increase in dopamine release, which is the proposed mechanism for its wake-promoting effect. [ 18 ]
[5] [6] Its psychedelic effects are mediated by its agonistic properties at the 5-HT 2A receptor. Due to its selectivity, DOB is often used in scientific research when studying the 5-HT 2 receptor subfamily. It is a very weak agonist of the human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) and a weak agonist of the rhesus monkey TAAR1.