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  2. Joint-stock company - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint-stock_company

    A special and by far less common form of joint-stock companies, intended for companies with a large number of shareholders, is the publicly traded joint-stock companies, called allmennaksjeselskap and abbreviated ASA. A joint-stock company must be incorporated, has an independent legal personality and limited liability, and is required to have ...

  3. Squeeze-out - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squeeze-out

    A squeeze-out [1] or squeezeout, [2] sometimes synonymous with freeze-out, [2] is the compulsory sale of the shares of minority shareholders of a joint-stock company for which they receive a fair cash compensation.

  4. List of legal entity types by country - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_legal_entity_types...

    S.A. (spółka akcyjna): ≈ joint-stock company, otherwise translated plc (UK). Minimum share capital zl 100,000 (approx. €25,000). P.S.A. (prosta spółka akcyjna) = simple joint-stock company, otherwise translated simple plc, a new company type 2021, actually a simplified version of the former type

  5. Initial public offering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering

    Like modern joint-stock companies, the publicani were legal bodies independent of their members whose ownership was divided into shares, or parts. [4] There is evidence that these shares were sold to public investors and traded in a type of over-the-counter market in the Forum , near the Temple of Castor and Pollux .

  6. Joint ownership - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_ownership

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  7. Cross ownership - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_ownership

    However, the immediate tax expense may discourage the company from selling, as holding the stock defers the tax liability and preserves the full value of the assets on paper. Long term cross ownership of shares combined with a high capital tax rate greatly increases periods of asset deflation both in time and in severity.

  8. Stock market - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_market

    While the stock market is the marketplace for buying and selling company stocks, the foreign exchange market, also known as forex or FX, is the global marketplace for the purchase and sale of national currencies. It serves several functions, including facilitating currency conversions, managing foreign exchange risk through futures and forwards ...

  9. Demutualization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demutualization

    The difference is that the mutuality is essentially bought by a stock corporation. Instead of receiving stock in the formerly mutual company, stock in the new parent company is granted instead. A mutual holding company is a hybrid concept, part stock company and part mutual company. Technically, the members still own over 50% of the company as ...