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Clay particles are some of the smallest particles commonly found in soils. Due to their structure the space between individual clay particles is small and already restricts the passage of water, reducing infiltration [2] and hence drainage. Soils with a high clay content are also easily compacted and affected by man-made discharges.
If a soil is composed of at least 5 percent of these clay minerals by weight, it could have the ability to shrink and swell. [3] This property is measured using coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) values. If a soil has a COLE value greater than 0.06, then it can cause structural damage. [2] A COLE value of 0.06 means that 100 inches of ...
The formation of the claypan relates to a lack of vegetation coverage, soil particle size distribution, and high rainfall. The lack of vegetation coverage makes soil become more susceptible to raindrop attacks. When the raindrops hit on bare soil with high energy, the fine sand, silt, and clay particles are re-arranged to plug all the pore spaces.
Soil texture determines total volume of the smallest pores; [56] clay soils have smaller pores, but more total pore space than sands, [57] despite a much lower permeability. [58] Soil structure has a strong influence on the larger pores that affect soil aeration, water infiltration and drainage. [59]
The use of soil tests, coupled with the corresponding provisions, can alleviate issues of nutrition and irrigation that can result from non porous Ultisol. [4] Soil tests help indicate the pH, and red clay soil typically has a low pH. [5] The addition of lime is used to help to increase the pH in soil and can help increase the pH in Ultisol as ...
In fact the pore space of soil is a uniform fractal e.g. a set of uniformly distributed D-dimensional fractals of average linear size L. For the clay soil it has been found that L=0.15 mm and D=2.7. [13] The surface tension of water explains why the water does not drain out of a wet sand castle or a moist ball of clay.
Drainage is the equilibrium soil-to-geosynthetic system that allows for adequate liquid flow without soil loss, within the plane of the geosynthetic over a service lifetime compatible with the application under consideration. Geopipe highlights this function, and also geonets, geocomposites and very thick geotextiles.
Vertisols have a high content of expansive clay minerals, many of them belonging to the montmorillonites that form deep cracks in drier seasons or years. In a phenomenon known as argillipedoturbation, alternate shrinking and swelling causes self-ploughing, where the soil material consistently mixes itself, causing some vertisols to have an extremely deep A horizon and no B horizon.