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All elementary particles are either bosons or fermions. These classes are distinguished by their quantum statistics: fermions obey Fermi–Dirac statistics and bosons obey Bose–Einstein statistics. [1] Their spin is differentiated via the spin–statistics theorem: it is half-integer for fermions, and integer for bosons.
Elementary particles are classified according to their spin. Fermions have half-integer spin while bosons have integer spin. All the particles of the Standard Model have been experimentally observed, including the Higgs boson in 2012. [2] [3] Many other hypothetical elementary particles, such as the graviton, have been proposed, but not ...
According to the Standard Model of particle physics, a subatomic particle can be either a composite particle, which is composed of other particles (for example, a baryon, like a proton or a neutron, composed of three quarks; or a meson, composed of two quarks), or an elementary particle, which is not composed of other particles (for example ...
An overview of the various families of elementary and composite particles, and the theories describing their interactions. Fermions are on the left, and bosons are on the right. In the conceptual model of fundamental interactions, matter consists of fermions , which carry properties called charges and spin ± 1 ⁄ 2 (intrinsic angular momentum ...
Elementary particles that are not bosons or fermions: Paraparticles, exotic particles that can survive in a 3D-space and follow parastatistics [4] [5] Plektons, particles that follow Braid statistics; Exotic particles, particles with exotic properties like negative mass or complex mass.
For example, it does not fully ... Elementary particles: ... top quark and charm quark, and predicted many of their properties before these particles were observed ...
Particle physics or high-energy physics is the study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation.The field also studies combinations of elementary particles up to the scale of protons and neutrons, while the study of combination of protons and neutrons is called nuclear physics.
Composite particles refer to particles that have composition – that is particles which are made of other particles. [16] For example, a carbon-14 atom is made of six protons, eight neutrons, and six electrons. By contrast, elementary particles (also called fundamental particles) refer to particles that are not made of other particles. [17]