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The trombone was improved in the 19th century with the addition of "stockings" at the end of the inner slide to reduce friction, the development of the water key to expel condensation from the horn, and the occasional addition of a valve that was designed to be set in a single position but later became the modern F-valve. The valve trombone ...
The trombone produces notes within its range by extending the main slide to different positions. In first position, the length of the bore is at its shortest; seventh position puts the slide at its furthest extension, at the edge of the inner slide's stockings. (These are sections of slightly greater diameter at the ends of the inner slide tubes.)
Superbones, unlike the valide, have a fully functioning trombone slide with the usual seven positions. The Holton and Wessex instruments are assembled from three detachable sections; the slide and bell sections attach to each end of the valve assembly, built with three piston valves arranged in the same manner as on other three-valved brass instruments.
Non-compensating instruments and trombones must not use the third position or valve combination because it is not in tune; other combinations must be altered drastically. Some musicians prefer to extend the tablature numbering system to 12 or more; others prefer a symbol to indicate a lesser-used, longer valve.
The bore of an alto trombone is intermediate between a trumpet and a tenor trombone, and similar to that of a small-bore tenor, usually around 0.450 to 0.500 inches (11.4 to 12.7 mm) with a 6 + 1 ⁄ 2 or 7 inches (17 or 18 cm) bell.
The contrabass trombone (German: Kontrabassposaune, Italian: trombone contrabbasso) is the lowest-pitched instrument in the trombone family of brass instruments.While modern instruments are pitched in 12 ft (12 ′) F with a single slide, the first practical contrabass trombones appeared in the mid-19th century built in 18 ′ B♭ an octave below the tenor trombone with a double slide.
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Phill Niblock, A Trombone Piece for Taped Trombone (1977) Phill Niblock, A Third Trombone for Taped Trombone (1979) Pauline Oliveros, Theater Piece for Trombone Player for Trombone, Pipes and Tape (1966) Pauline Oliveros, The Heart of Tones for Trombone and Electronics (1999) Pauline Oliveros, Red Shifts for Trombone, Oscillators and Noise (2000)
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