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The trombone was improved in the 19th century with the addition of "stockings" at the end of the inner slide to reduce friction, the development of the water key to expel condensation from the horn, and the occasional addition of a valve that was designed to be set in a single position but later became the modern F-valve. The valve trombone ...
Superbones, unlike the valide, have a fully functioning trombone slide with the usual seven positions. The Holton and Wessex instruments are assembled from three detachable sections; the slide and bell sections attach to each end of the valve assembly, built with three piston valves arranged in the same manner as on other three-valved brass instruments.
The trombone produces notes within its range by extending the main slide to different positions. In first position, the length of the bore is at its shortest; seventh position puts the slide at its furthest extension, at the edge of the inner slide's stockings. (These are sections of slightly greater diameter at the ends of the inner slide tubes.)
The bore of an alto trombone is intermediate between a trumpet and a tenor trombone, and similar to that of a small-bore tenor, usually around 0.450 to 0.500 inches (11.4 to 12.7 mm) with a 6 + 1 ⁄ 2 or 7 inches (17 or 18 cm) bell.
The contrabass trombone (German: Kontrabassposaune, Italian: trombone contrabbasso) is the lowest-pitched instrument in the trombone family of brass instruments.While modern instruments are pitched in 12 ft (12 ′) F with a single slide, the first practical contrabass trombones appeared in the mid-19th century built in 18 ′ B♭ an octave below the tenor trombone with a double slide.
So what we now think of as a tenor trombone with B ♭ in first position, pitched at A=440 was actually thought of as a trombone in A (in first position), pitched at A=466. Surviving basses in D at A=466 (E ♭ at 440)—for example: Ehe, 1612 (Leipzig) and Hainlein, c.1630 (Nuremberg) confirm Praetorius' description.
The piccolo trombone in B♭ is an octave above the soprano. It is essentially a piccolo trumpet with a slide instead of valves, and is used with a piccolo trumpet mouthpiece. [14] Bore sizes are 0.460 inches (11.7 mm) or smaller, with bells approximately 4 inches (10 cm) in diameter.
On trombone, pedal B ♭ 1 is frequently seen in commercial scoring but much less often in symphonic music. Notes below B ♭ are called for only rarely as they "become increasingly difficult to produce and insecure in quality" with A ♭ 1 or G1 being the bottom limit for most trombonists.