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A lung nodule or pulmonary nodule is a relatively small focal density in the lung. A solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) or coin lesion, [1] is a mass in the lung smaller than three centimeters in diameter. A pulmonary micronodule has a diameter of less than three millimetres. [2] There may also be multiple nodules. One or more lung nodules can be ...
The criteria for diagnosing pulmonary adenocarcinoma have changed considerably over time. [10] [11] The 2011 IASLC/ATS recommendations, adopted in the 2015 WHO guidelines, use the following criteria for adenocarcinoma in situ: [12] tumor ≤3 cm; solitary tumor; pure "lepidic" growth* [13] No stromal, vascular, or pleural invasion
Pulmonary function: increased residual volume, increased total lung capacity, fixed obstruction, low diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide that corrects with alveolar volume; High-resolution CT scan: diffuse pulmonary nodules 4–10 mm, greater than 20 nodules, mosaic attenuation or air trapping in greater than 50% of the lung
Combined small cell lung carcinoma (or c-SCLC) is a form of multiphasic lung cancer that is diagnosed by a pathologist when a malignant tumor, arising from transformed cells originating in lung tissue, contains a component of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) mixed with one or more components of any histological variant of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) in any relative proportion.
Bronchoscopy is not usually useful as these lesions tend to lie in the perifery of the lung. Fine needle aspirates may be not be sufficient to make the diagnosis. [7] [8] Blood tests are normal. CT shows a solitary nodule with may have some calcium present. PET scans may be positive. [9] [10]
AAH is a pre-malignant cause of nodular GGO and is more commonly associated with lower attenuation on CT and smaller nodule size (<10 mm) compared to adenocarcinoma. [10] In addition, AAH often lacks the solid features and spiculated appearance that are often associated with malignant growths. [ 9 ]
Caplan syndrome is a nodular condition of the lung occurring in dust-exposed persons with either a history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or who subsequently develop RA within the following 5–10 years. [3] The nodules in the lung typically occur bilaterally and peripherally, on a background of simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis. There are ...
For lung nodules, air bronchograms used to be associated with infectious causes of consolidation and, therefore to be benign. However, in the setting of a lung nodule, an air bronchogram is actually more frequent in malignant than in benign nodules. [1] [4] studied the tumour-bronchus relationship and described five types: [1]