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The pre-Classical and Classical periods saw a number of cities laid out according to fixed plans, though many tended to develop organically. Designed cities were characteristic of the Minoan, Mesopotamian, Harrapan, and Egyptian civilisations of the third millennium BC (see Urban planning in ancient Egypt).
The use of urban planning in ancient Egypt is a matter of continuous debate. Because ancient sites usually survive only in fragments, and many ancient Egyptian cities have been continuously inhabited since their original forms, relatively little is actually understood about the general designs of Egyptian towns for any given period.
Sigiriya is considered to be one of the most important urban planning sites of the first millennium, and the site plan is considered very elaborate and imaginative. The plan combined concepts of symmetry and asymmetry to intentionally interlock the man-made geometrical and natural forms of the surroundings.
Urban planning originated during the urbanization of the Yellow River valley in the Neolithic Age, which began in China around 10,000 B.C. and concluded with the introduction of metallurgy about 8,000 years later, was characterized by the development of settled communities that relied primarily on farming and domesticated animals rather than hunting and gathering. [1]
Hippodamus of Miletus (/ h ɪ ˈ p ɒ d ə m ə s /; Greek: Ἱππόδαμος ὁ Μιλήσιος, Hippodamos ho Milesios; c.480–408 BC) [1] was an ancient Greek architect, urban planner, physician, mathematician, meteorologist and philosopher, who is considered to be "the father of European urban planning", [2] and the namesake of the "Hippodamian plan" of city layout, although ...
The Indus Valley civilization and ancient China are two other areas with major indigenous urban traditions. Among the early Old World cities, Mohenjo-daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in present-day Pakistan , existing from about 2600 BCE, was one of the largest, with a population of 50,000 or more and a sophisticated sanitation system . [ 23 ]
Early Western travelers reported that the fortifications surrounding the ancient city was completely circular. [3] Hatra: 3rd or 2nd century BC The plan is round, but it lacks "a genuine geometrical concept". [2] Gōr (old Firuzabad) 3rd century [dubious – discuss] The city plan was a perfect circle of 1,950 m diameter, divided into twenty ...
Reconstructed plan of Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium, Cologne, Germany Plan of Calleva Atrebatum. The Latin word insula (lit. ' island '; pl.: insulae) was used in Roman cities to mean either a city block in a city plan (i.e. a building area surrounded by four streets) [1] or later a type of apartment building that occupied such a city block specifically in Rome and nearby Ostia.