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A mastoidectomy is a procedure performed to remove the mastoid air cells [1] near the middle ear. The procedure is part of the treatment for mastoiditis, chronic suppurative otitis media or cholesteatoma. [2] Additionally, it is sometimes performed as part of other procedures, such as cochlear implants, [3] or to access the middle ear.
[2] [3] Mastoiditis is usually caused by untreated acute otitis media (middle ear infection) and used to be a leading cause of child mortality. With the development of antibiotics, however, mastoiditis has become quite rare in developed countries where surgical treatment is now much less frequent and more conservative, unlike former times. [2]
Cholesteatoma is a destructive and expanding growth consisting of keratinizing squamous epithelium in the middle ear and/or mastoid process. [1] [2] Cholesteatomas are not cancerous as the name may suggest, but can cause significant problems because of their erosive and expansile properties.
The constellation of symptoms was first described as a consequence of severe, advanced ear infection which has spread to a central portion of the temporal bone of the skull. This type of presentation was common prior to development of antibiotic treatments, and is now a rare complication. [citation needed]
Geniculate ganglionitis or geniculate neuralgia (GN), also called nervus intermedius neuralgia, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, or Hunt's neuralgia, is a rare disorder characterized by severe paroxysmal neuralgic pain deep in the ear, [1] that may spread to the ear canal, outer ear, mastoid or eye regions.
The diagnosis is made by the combination of symptoms and examination of the tympanic membrane for redness, bulging, and/or a middle ear effusion (collection of fluid within the middle ear). [ 5 ] Complications of otitis media include hearing loss , facial nerve paralysis, or extension of infection to surrounding anatomic structures, including ...
Other symptoms in adults include pain and drainage from ear or problems with hearing. [8] Symptoms in children can include excessive crying, touching at ears, drainage, and fever. [8] Treatment can range from increasing fluids and over-the-counter medicine to manage symptoms to antibiotics prescribed by medical providers. [9]
Bezold's abscess is an abscess deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle where pus from mastoiditis erodes through the cortex of the mastoid part of the temporal bone, medial to the attachment of sternocleidomastoid, extends into the infratemporal fossa, and deep to the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia.