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Water boiling at 99.3 °C (210.8 °F) at 215 m (705 ft) elevation. The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid [1] [2] and the liquid changes into a vapor. The boiling point of a liquid varies depending upon the surrounding environmental pressure.
The boiling point of water is typically considered to be 100 °C (212 °F; 373 K), especially at sea level. Pressure and a change in the composition of the liquid may alter the boiling point of the liquid. High elevation cooking generally takes longer since boiling point is a function of atmospheric pressure.
Pressure cookers produce superheated water, which cooks the food more rapidly than boiling water. Superheated water is liquid water under pressure at temperatures between the usual boiling point, 100 °C (212 °F) and the critical temperature, 374 °C (705 °F). [citation needed] It is also known as "subcritical water" or "pressurized hot water".
Up to 99.63 °C (the boiling point of water at 0.1 MPa), at this pressure water exists as a liquid. Above that, it exists as water vapor. Note that the boiling point of 100.0 °C is at a pressure of 0.101325 MPa (1 atm), which is the average atmospheric pressure.
[33] [37] Above 4 °C, however, thermal expansion becomes the dominant effect, [37] and water near the boiling point (100 °C) is about 4% less dense than water at 4 °C (39 °F). [ 36 ] [ f ] Under increasing pressure, ice undergoes a number of transitions to other polymorphs with higher density than liquid water, such as ice II , ice III ...
Freezing point (°C) K f (°C⋅kg/mol) Data source; Aniline: ... K f [2] K b [1] Water: 100.00 0.512 0.00 ... Boiling-point elevation; References
The heat capacity denotes the amount of heat the fluid can hold without changing its temperature. In case of liquids, it also shows the amount of heat the liquid can hold before its temperature reaches its boiling point and ultimately vaporises. If the fluid has low heat capacity, then it will mean that a large amount of the fluid will be ...
At a pressure of one atmosphere (atm), ice melts or water freezes (solidifies) at 0 °C (32 °F) and water boils or vapor condenses at 100 °C (212 °F). However, even below the boiling point, water can change to vapor at its surface by evaporation (vaporization throughout the liquid is known as boiling).