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Copper(II) chloride, also known as cupric chloride, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Cu Cl 2. The monoclinic yellowish-brown anhydrous form slowly absorbs moisture to form the orthorhombic blue-green dihydrate CuCl 2 ·2H 2 O, with two water molecules of hydration. It is industrially produced for use as a co-catalyst in the ...
The Cu–Cl cycle is a hybrid process that employs both thermochemical and electrolysis steps. It has a maximum temperature requirement of about 530 degrees Celsius. [1] The Cu–Cl cycle involves four chemical reactions for water splitting, whose net reaction decomposes water into hydrogen and oxygen. All other chemicals are recycled.
2 Cu + Cl 2 → 2 CuCl. Copper(I) chloride can also be prepared by reducing copper(II) chloride with sulfur dioxide, or with ascorbic acid that acts as a reducing sugar: [13] [14] 2 CuCl 2 + SO 2 + 2 H 2 O → 2 CuCl + H 2 SO 4 + 2 HCl 2 CuCl 2 + C 6 H 8 O 6 → 2CuCl + 2HCl + C 6 H 6 O 6. Many other reducing agents can be used. [12]
These tables list values of molar ionization energies, measured in kJ⋅mol −1.This is the energy per mole necessary to remove electrons from gaseous atoms or atomic ions.
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The standard Gibbs free energy of formation (G f °) of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25 °C).
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They are invariably Cu(I), although Cu(II) or even Cu(III) intermediates are invoked in some chemical reactions. Organic cuprates often have the idealized formulas [CuR 2] − and [CuR 3] 2−, both of which contain copper in an oxidation state of +1, where R is an alkyl or aryl. These reagents find use as nucleophilic alkylating reagents. [18]