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In organic chemistry, an acyl chloride (or acid chloride) is an organic compound with the functional group −C(=O)Cl. Their formula is usually written R−COCl, where R is a side chain. They are reactive derivatives of carboxylic acids (R−C(=O)OH). A specific example of an acyl chloride is acetyl chloride, CH 3 COCl.
Water conditioners are formulations designed to be added to tap water before its use in an aquarium. [1] [2] If the tap water is chlorinated then a simple conditioner containing a dechlorinator may be used. These products contain sodium thiosulfate which reduces chlorine to chloride which is less harmful to fish.
Acetyl chloride was first prepared in 1852 by French chemist Charles Gerhardt by treating potassium acetate with phosphoryl chloride. [4]Acetyl chloride is produced in the laboratory by the reaction of acetic acid with chlorodehydrating agents such as phosphorus trichloride (PCl 3), phosphorus pentachloride (PCl 5), sulfuryl chloride (SO 2 Cl 2), phosgene, or thionyl chloride (SOCl 2).
In the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, the systematic names of acyl groups are derived exactly by replacing the -yl suffix of the corresponding hydrocarbyl group's systemic name (or the -oic acid suffix of the corresponding carboxylic acid's systemic name) with -oyl, as shown in the table below.
The reactivity of chloroformates and acyl chlorides are similar. Representative reactions are: Reaction with amines to form carbamates: [2] ROC(O)Cl + H 2 NR' → ROC(O)-N(H)R' + HCl. Reaction with alcohols to form carbonate esters: ROC(O)Cl + HOR' → ROC(O)-OR' + HCl. Reaction with carboxylic acids to form mixed anhydrides:
An alternative, involving the formation of an acylium ion, becomes more important when the reaction takes place in concentrated acid (>90% sulfuric acid). [7] (In the Curtius rearrangement, sodium azide and an acyl chloride are combined to quantitatively generate the acyl azide intermediate, and the rest of the reaction takes place under ...
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