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Organisms whose life history is subject to K-selection are often referred to as K-strategists or K-selected. [11] Organisms with K-selected traits include large organisms such as elephants, sharks, humans, and whales, but also smaller long-lived organisms such as Arctic terns, [12] parrots, and eagles.
Life history theory (LHT) is an analytical framework [1] ... However, iteroparous organisms can be more r-selected than K-selected, such as a sparrow, ...
It is a biological precept that within its lifetime an organism has a limited amount of energy/resources available to it, and must always partition it among various functions such as collecting food and finding a mate. Of relevance here is the trade-off between fecundity, growth, and survivorship in its life history strategy. These trade-offs ...
Eventually, early species, typically dominated by r-selected species, which prioritize fast rates of reproduction, are out-competed by K-selected species (species that become more dominant when there is competition for limited resources). [10] For example, we can examine succession in the Loess Plateau in China.
In r/K selection theory, selective pressures are hypothesized to drive evolution in one of two generalized directions: r or K selection. [57] R-selected species are those that place an emphasis on a high growth rate, typically exploiting less-crowded ecological niches, and produce many offspring, each of which has a relatively low probability ...
r-selected species – in unstable or unpredictable environments – produce many offspring, any individual one of which is unlikely to survive to adulthood, while K-selected species – in stable or predictable environments – invest more heavily in fewer offspring, each of which has a better chance of surviving to adulthood.
Climax species are mostly found in forests. Climax species, closely controlled by carrying capacity, follow K strategies, wherein species produce fewer numbers of potential offspring, but invest more heavily in securing the reproductive success of each one to the micro-environmental conditions of its specific ecological niche.
Seabirds' life histories are dramatically different from those of land birds. In general, they are K-selected, live much longer (anywhere between twenty and sixty years), delay breeding for longer (for up to ten years), and invest more effort into fewer young.