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At puberty, one primary oocyte will continue meiosis each menstrual cycle. Because there is an absence of regenerating germ cells and oogonia in the human, the number of primary oocytes dwindles after each menstrual cycle until menopause, when the female no longer has a population of primary oocytes. [2]
An oocyte is produced in a female fetus in the ovary during female gametogenesis. The female germ cells produce a primordial germ cell (PGC), which then undergoes mitosis, forming oogonia. During oogenesis, the oogonia become primary oocytes. An oocyte is a form of genetic material that can be collected for cryoconservation.
Oogenesis starts with the process of developing primary oocytes, which occurs via the transformation of oogonia into primary [oocyte]s, a process called oocytogenesis. [11] From one single oogonium, only one mature oocyte will rise, with 3 other cells called polar bodies. Oocytogenesis is complete either before or shortly after birth.
The secondary oocyte continues the second stage of meiosis (meiosis II), and the daughter cells are one ootid and one polar body. Secondary oocytes are the immature ovum shortly after ovulation, to fertilization, where it turns into an ootid. Thus, the time as a secondary oocyte is measured in days.
During oogenesis, the oogonia become primary oocytes. Oocytes (immature ova) residing in the primordial follicle of the ovary are in a non-growing prophase arrested state, but have the capacity to undergo highly efficient homologous recombinational repair of DNA damages including double-strand breaks. [ 1 ]
Ovulation is the regular release of one oocyte from the ovary into the reproductive tract and is preceded by follicular growth. A few follicle cells are stimulated to grow but only one oocyte is ovulated. A primordial follicle consists of an epithelial layer of follicular granulosa cells enclosing an oocyte.
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The late tertiary or pre-ovulatory follicle ruptures and discharges the oocyte (that has become a secondary oocyte), ending folliculogenesis. Follicle ‘selection’ is the process by which a single ‘dominant’ follicle is chosen from the recruited cohort or wave for preferential growth.