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Surgical removal of the prostate, or prostatectomy, is a common treatment either for early-stage prostate cancer or for cancer that has failed to respond to radiation therapy. The most common type is radical retropubic prostatectomy , when the surgeon removes the prostate through an abdominal incision.
For prostate cancer, the best treatment often depends on the risk level presented by the disease. For most prostate cancers classified as "very low risk" and "low risk", radical prostatectomy is one of several treatment options; others include radiation, watchful waiting, and active surveillance.
Conversely, it was not effective for localized prostate cancer, where there was instead a statistically insignificant trend toward reduced overall survival with bicalutamide therapy (at median 7.4 years follow-up: HR Tooltip hazard ratio = 1.16; 95% CI Tooltip confidence interval = 0.99–1.37; P Tooltip p-value = 0.07).
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) [3] is a small (55–65 nm in size), enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae. The hepatitis C virus is the cause of hepatitis C and some cancers such as liver cancer ( hepatocellular carcinoma , abbreviated HCC) and lymphomas in humans.
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), also called androgen ablation therapy or androgen suppression therapy, is an antihormone therapy whose main use is in treating prostate cancer. Prostate cancer cells usually require androgen hormones, such as testosterone, to grow. ADT reduces the levels of androgen hormones, with drugs or surgery, to prevent ...
HCV genome Nonstructural protein 5A ( NS5A ) is a zinc-binding and proline-rich hydrophilic phosphoprotein that plays a key role in Hepatitis C virus RNA replication. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It appears to be a dimeric form without trans -membrane helices.
Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir, sold under the trade name Harvoni among others, is a medication used to treat hepatitis C. [8] It is a fixed-dose combination of ledipasvir and sofosbuvir. [8] Cure rates are 94% to 99% in people infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1. [9] Some evidence also supports use in HCV genotype 3 and 4. [9]
Boceprevir (INN, trade name Victrelis) is a protease inhibitor used to treat hepatitis caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1. [2] [3] It binds to the HCV nonstructural protein 3 active site. [4] It was initially developed by Schering-Plough, [5] then by Merck after it acquired Schering in 2009. It was approved by the FDA in May 2011. [6]
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