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The BET method is widely used in materials science for the calculation of surface areas of solids by physical adsorption of gas molecules. The total surface area S t o t a l {\displaystyle S_{\mathrm {total} }} and the specific surface area S B E T {\displaystyle S_{\mathrm {BET} }} are given by
Designed experiments with full factorial design (left), response surface with second-degree polynomial (right) In statistics, response surface methodology (RSM) explores the relationships between several explanatory variables and one or more response variables. RSM is an empirical model which employs the use of mathematical and statistical ...
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a small-angle scattering technique by which nanoscale density differences in a sample can be quantified. This means that it can determine nanoparticle size distributions, resolve the size and shape of (monodisperse) macromolecules, determine pore sizes and characteristic distances of partially ordered materials. [1]
A Langmuir–Blodgett trough (LB trough) is an item of laboratory apparatus that is used to compress monolayers of molecules on the surface of a given subphase (usually water) and to measure surface phenomena due to this compression. It can also be used to deposit single or multiple monolayers on a solid substrate.
Surface sizing solutions consist of mainly modified starches and sometimes other hydrocolloids, such as gelatine, or surface sizing agents such as acrylic co-polymers. Surface sizing agents are amphiphilic molecules, having both hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) ends. The sizing agent adheres to substrate fibers and ...
It is important to note that the size determined by dynamic light scattering is the size of a sphere that moves in the same manner as the scatterer. So, for example, if the scatterer is a random coil polymer, the determined size is not the same as the radius of gyration determined by static light scattering. It is also useful to point out that ...
Though discovered in 1927, low-energy electron diffraction did not become a popular tool for surface analysis until the early 1960s. The main reasons were that monitoring directions and intensities of diffracted beams was a difficult experimental process due to inadequate vacuum techniques and slow detection methods such as a Faraday cup.
Response(s): The output(s) of a process. Sometimes called dependent variable(s). Response surface: A designed experiment that models the quantitative response, especially for the short-term goal of improving a process and the longer-term goal of finding optimum factor-values. Traditionally, response-surfaces have been modeled with quadratic ...