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A common example is the use of toolsets to break out of a chroot or jail in UNIX-like operating systems [3] or bypassing digital rights management (DRM). In the former case, it allows the user to see files outside of the filesystem that the administrator intends to make available to the application or user in question.
Several computer systems introduced in the 1960s, such as the IBM System/360, DEC PDP-6/PDP-10, the GE-600/Honeywell 6000 series, and the Burroughs B5000 series and B6500 series, support two CPU modes; a mode that grants full privileges to code running in that mode, and a mode that prevents direct access to input/output devices and some other hardware facilities to code running in that mode.
In July 2023 a critical vulnerability in the Zen 2 AMD microarchitecture called Zenbleed was made public. [59] AMD released a microcode update to fix it. [60] In August 2023 a vulnerability in AMD's Zen 1, Zen 2, Zen 3, and Zen 4 microarchitectures called Inception [61] [62] was revealed and assigned CVE-2023-20569. According to AMD it is not ...
When a hierarchy of modes exists (ring-based security), faults and exceptions at one privilege level may destabilize only the higher-numbered privilege levels. Thus, a fault in Ring 0 (the kernel mode with the highest privilege) will crash the entire system, but a fault in Ring 2 will only affect Rings 3 and beyond and Ring 2 itself, at most.
In June 2022, multiple MMIO Intel CPUs vulnerabilities related to execution in virtual environments were announced. [51] The following CVEs were designated: CVE-2022-21123, CVE-2022-21125, CVE-2022-21166. In July 2022, the Retbleed vulnerability was disclosed affecting Intel Core 6 to 8th generation CPUs and AMD Zen 1, 1+ and 2 generation CPUs ...
Speculative execution exploit Variant 4, [8] is referred to as Speculative Store Bypass (SSB), [1] [9] and has been assigned CVE-2018-3639. [7] SSB is named Variant 4, but it is the fifth variant in the Spectre-Meltdown class of vulnerabilities.
After W^X became widespread, an attacker wants to instead redirect execution to a separate, unprotected area containing the code to be run, making use of indirect transfers: one could overwrite the virtual table for a forward-edge attack or change the call stack for a backward-edge attack (return-oriented programming). CFI is designed to ...
Predictive execution is a form of speculative execution where some outcome is predicted and execution proceeds along the predicted path until the actual result is known. If the prediction is true, the predicted execution is allowed to commit; however, if there is a misprediction, execution has to be unrolled and re-executed.