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Religious adherence in outer space poses unique challenges and opportunities for practitioners. Space travelers have reported profound changes in the way they view their faith related to the overview effect, [1] while some secular groups have criticized the use of government spacecraft for religious activities by astronauts. [2]
Since the early 1990s, research began on the salutogenic (or growth-enhancing) aspects of space travel. One study analyzed the published memoirs of 125 space travelers. [29] After returning from space, the subjects reported higher levels on categories of Universalism (i.e., greater appreciation for other people and nature), Spirituality, and Power.
Sustainability has been a goal of space law, space technology and space infrastructure, with the United Nations seeing the need to advance long-term sustainability of outer space activities in space science and application, [6] and the United States having it as a crucial goal of its contemporary space policy and space program. [7] [8]
Albert II, a rhesus monkey, became the first mammal in space aboard a U.S. V-2 rocket on June 14, 1949, and died on reentry due to a parachute failure. The first dogs in space were launched 22 July 1951 aboard a Soviet R-1V. "Tsygin" and "Dezik" reached a height of 100 km (62 mi) and safely parachuted back to Earth.
Millions of pieces of space debris, defunct artificial objects in space, are orbiting Earth. [10] On average, one cataloged piece of space debris falls back onto the planet every day, potentially posing a risk to organisms and property. [11] In total, an estimated 80 tons of space debris re-enter Earth's atmosphere every year.
[1] [2] Astronauts have also died while training for space missions, such as the Apollo 1 launch pad fire that killed an entire crew of three. There have also been some non-astronaut fatalities during spaceflight-related activities. As of 2025, there have been over 188 fatalities in incidents regarding spaceflight.
Proposed Studies on the Implications of Peaceful Space Activities for Human Affairs, often referred to as "the Brookings Report", was a 1960 report commissioned by NASA and created by the Brookings Institution in collaboration with NASA's Committee on Long-Range Studies.
The National Space Society (NSS) is an American international nonprofit 501(c)(3) educational and scientific organization specializing in space advocacy.It is a member of the Independent Charities of America and an annual participant in the Combined Federal Campaign.