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In the United States, whether interest is adequate is determined with reference to the applicable federal rate (AFR). Under the Internal Revenue Code, original issue discounts on debt instruments are taxed each year, even though the debt may not be repaid until a later date. The tax system will impute an interest rate on the loan.
ISO 10962, known as Classification of Financial Instruments (CFI), is a six-letter-code used in the financial services industry to classify and describe the structure and function of a financial instrument (in the form of security or contract) as part of the instrument reference data.
Financial instruments are monetary contracts between parties. They can be created, traded, modified and settled. They can be cash (currency), evidence of an ownership, interest in an entity or a contractual right to receive or deliver in the form of currency (forex); debt (bonds, loans); equity (); or derivatives (options, futures, forwards).
A collateralized debt obligation (CDO) is a type of structured asset-backed security (ABS). [1] Originally developed as instruments for the corporate debt markets, after 2002 CDOs became vehicles for refinancing mortgage-backed securities (MBS).
Corporate bond holders are compensated for this risk by receiving a higher yield than government bonds. The difference in yield - called credit spread - reflects the higher probability of default, the expected loss in the event of default, and may also reflect liquidity and risk premia; see Bond credit rating, High-yield debt.
In finance, a bond is a type of security under which the issuer owes the holder a debt, and is obliged – depending on the terms – to provide cash flow to the creditor (e.g. repay the principal (i.e. amount borrowed) of the bond at the maturity date and interest (called the coupon) over a specified amount of time. [1])
A contingent convertible bond is defined by two elements: a trigger activation and a loss-absorption mechanism. The trigger activation is the pre-specified event that causes the loss-absorption process. It can be either based on a mechanical rule or on supervisors' discretion.
Some of the general challenges that financial institutions face with regards to the ALLL estimation include the manual, time-intensive nature of the reserve estimation process each month or quarter; producing adequate documentation and disclosures; incorporating new accounting standards and regulations released by FASB and federal regulatory bodies, and increased scrutiny on the assumptions ...