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A lithium-ion or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery that uses the reversible intercalation of Li + ions into electronically conducting solids to store energy. In comparison with other commercial rechargeable batteries, Li-ion batteries are characterized by higher specific energy, higher energy density, higher energy efficiency, a longer cycle life, and a longer calendar life.
This type of battery is also referred to as a lithium-ion battery [1] and is most commonly used for electric vehicles and electronics. [1] The first type of lithium battery was created by the British chemist M. Stanley Whittingham in the early 1970s and used titanium and lithium as the electrodes.
The ground state of a quantum-mechanical system is its stationary state of lowest energy; the energy of the ground state is known as the zero-point energy of the system. An excited state is any state with energy greater than the ground state. In quantum field theory, the ground state is usually called the vacuum state or the vacuum. If more ...
Lithium-ion battery negative electrodes are most commonly made of graphite. Graphite anodes are limited to a theoretical capacity of 372 mAh/g for their fully lithiated state. [ 4 ] At this time, significant other types of lithium-ion battery anode materials have been proposed and evaluated as alternatives to graphite, especially in cases where ...
A solid-state silicon battery or silicon-anode all-solid-state battery is a type of rechargeable lithium-ion battery consisting of a solid electrolyte, solid cathode, and silicon-based solid anode. [1] [2] In solid-state silicon batteries, lithium ions travel through a solid electrolyte from a positive cathode to a negative silicon anode. While ...
In the nomenclature of layered compounds it can be written Li(Li 0.33 Mn 0.67)O 2. [7] Although Li 2 MnO 3 is electrochemically inactive, it can be charged to a high potential (4.5 V v.s Li 0) in order to undergo lithiation/de-lithiation or delithiated using an acid leaching process followed by mild heat treatment. [8] [9] However, extracting ...
Aqueous Li-ion batteries have been of great interest for military use due to their safety and durability. Unlike the high voltage yet volatile non-aqueous Li-ion batteries, aqueous Li-ion batteries have the potential to serve as a more reliable energy source on the battlefield, because external damage to the battery would not diminish performance or cause it to explode.
Lithium–silicon batteries are lithium-ion batteries that employ a silicon-based anode, and lithium ions as the charge carriers. [1] Silicon based materials, generally, have a much larger specific capacity, for example, 3600 mAh/g for pristine silicon. [ 2 ]