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In number theory, a narcissistic number [1] [2] (also known as a pluperfect digital invariant (PPDI), [3] an Armstrong number [4] (after Michael F. Armstrong) [5] or a plus perfect number) [6] in a given number base is a number that is the sum of its own digits each raised to the power of the number of digits.
Derived from the DSM-III criteria for Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD), the NPI has been employed heavily by personality and social psychology researchers. [1] The NPI is not intended for use in diagnosing Narcissistic Personality Disorder. [3] Rather, it is often said to measure "normal" or "subclinical" narcissism. [1]
Narcissism can also create problems in the general workforce. For example, individuals high in narcissism inventories are more likely to engage in counterproductive behavior that harms organizations or other people in the workplace. [57] Aggressive (and counterproductive) behaviors tend to surface when self-esteem is threatened.
The relationship, whereby the ego is constituted by identification, is a locus of "alienation,"—another feature of the imaginary—and is fundamentally narcissistic: thus Lacan wrote of "the different phases of imaginary, narcissistic, specular identification – the three adjectives are equivalent," [4]: 188 which make up the ego's history.
Narcissistic abuse is the term used by some therapists to describe the negative consequences of being in a relationship with a narcissist. It can take on a number of forms, as the narcissist will ...
The concept of healthy narcissism is used in clinical psychology and popular psychology as an aid to self-assertion and success. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] It has indeed been suggested that it is useful to think of a continuum of narcissism, ranging from deficient to healthy to pathological, with stable narcissism and destructive narcissism as ...
The term narcissistic rage was a concept introduced by Heinz Kohut in 1972. Narcissistic rage was theorised as a reaction to a perceived threat to a narcissist's self-esteem or self-worth. Narcissistic rage occurs on a continuum from aloofness, to expressions of mild irritation or annoyance, to serious outbursts, including violent attacks. [125]
Freud. Ego ideal—Ego—Object—Outer Object. In Freudian psychoanalysis, the ego ideal (German: Ichideal) [1] is the inner image of oneself as one wants to become. [2] It consists of "the individual's conscious and unconscious images of what he would like to be, patterned after certain people whom ... he regards as ideal."